1.3: Problematic Dependence on Foreign Fuel Sources
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)1.3 Problematic Dependence on Foreign Fuel Sources
The US is highly dependent on crude oil to produce fuels for transportation. Figure 1.3 shows how the transportation sector is almost all oil-based, and the other sources barely make a dent in the hold petroleum has. Up until the last few years, the US has been highly dependent on foreign sources of oil. The US was the world's largest petroleum consumer (EIA, 2012), but was third in crude oil production. Over half of the material that is imported into the US comes from the Western hemisphere (North, South, and Central America, and the Caribbean), but we also import 29% from Persian Gulf countries (Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates). The top 5 sources of net crude oil and petroleum imports include: 1) Canada, 28%, 2) Saudi Arabia, 13%, 3) Mexico, 10%, 4) Venezuela, 9%, and 5) Russia, 5%. According to CNN Money, the US is behind Russia and Saudi Arabia in oil production for the first three months of 2016. See the following link for further information: World's Top Oil Producers. However, this situation recently changed and the US became the world's largest oil producer in 2018 for the first time since 1973. See the following link for further information: America is now the world's largest oil producer.

Figure 1.3: Allocation of energy sources by sector in the US (Quadrillion Btus)
- Click here for a text description of Figure 1.3
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Allocation of Energy Sources in the US: Transportation Sector
Allocation of Energy Sources in Quadrillion Btus'
Petroleum: 24.8
Natural Gas: 0.8
Coal: 0.0
Renewable: 1.1
Nuclear: 0.0
Allocation of Energy Sources in the US: Industrial Sector
Allocation of Energy Sources in Quadrillion Btus'
Petroleum: 8.0
Natural Gas: 8.9
Coal: 1.4
Renewable: 0.2
Nuclear: 2.3
Allocation of Energy Sources in the US: R&C Sector
Allocation of Energy Sources in Quadrillion Btus'
Petroleum: 1.5
Natural Gas: 7.2
Coal: 0.1
Renewable: 0.8
Nuclear: 0.0
Allocation of Energy Sources in the US: Electricity Sector
Allocation of Energy Sources in Quadrillion Btus'
Petroleum: 0.4
Natural Gas: 9.1
Coal: 15.6
Renewable: 4.6
Nuclear: 8.0
Credit: Based on EIA Annual Energy Review, 2012
So, while oil is fairly available currently, there is extensive potentially explosive turmoil in many petroleum-producing regions of the world, and, in several places, the US's relationship with some oil-producing countries is strained. China and India are now aggressive and voracious players in world petroleum markets because of high economic growth (as pointed out in the previous section). Saudi Arabia production is likely "maxed out," and domestic oil production peaked in 1970. While the US dependence on imported oil has declined after peaking in 2005, it is clear that if any one of the large producers decides to withhold oil, it could cause a shortage of fuel in the US and would cause the prices to skyrocket from an already high price (depending on the type of crude oil, the price of oil is currently 100−100−106/bbl) (see U.S. Energy Information Administration website). Figure 1.4 is a graphic showing the price level of oil from 1970 until recently (adjusted for inflation using the headline CPI). As you can see, there has been significant volatility in the price of oil in the last ~50 years. One of the first spikes came in 1974 when OPEC became more organized and withheld selling oil to the US. It was a true crisis at that point, with gasoline shortages causing long lines and fights at gas stations, with people filling up only on certain days depending on their license plates. It had a high spike in 1980, but a significant low in 1986. When the price of oil hit a significant low in 1998, the government took steps to lower the tax burden on oil companies. But when the prices went back up, the law remained in place, and currently, oil companies do not have to pay taxes on produced oil. When the reduced tax burden went into place in the late 90s, it made sense, but oil companies have continued to convince Congress with lobbyists that it should stay that way. What do you think?

Figure 1.4: Crude Oil Price History Chart. Oil price level back to 1970, adjusted for inflation using the headline CPI.
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Graph of WTI Crude Oil price between 1945 and 2015. The most important years are described in text above image. The general trends are as follows in $/gallon (all numbers are approximate):
1950: $28
1960: $25
1970: $19
1972: $50
1980: $118
1986: $28
1990: $64
1998: $15
2000: $44
2006: $140
2010: $110
2015: $40
Credit: Macrotrends
Processing of oil into useable fuels has also increased. At one point in 2015, the price of gasoline nationwide stayed at >$3.50/gal, but then, the price has dropped down to as low as $2.00/gal. As we will discuss in a later lesson, there are several aspects that contribute to the price of gasoline. Figure 1.5a is a graphic that shows the price volatility for gasoline from December 2005 - December 2015, and Figure 1.5b shows a breakdown of what goes into the price of gasoline. Figures 1.6a and 1.6b are similar graphics, but for diesel.

Figure 1.5a: Gasoline prices over a 10 year period. As can be seen in the graphic, the range in gasoline prices has been from $1.43-4.10 per gallon. The lowest price in December 2008 was $1.43, but the high was $4.10 in June 2008. Most of the price changes have been less dramatic with many lesser peaks and valleys over the 10 year period.
- Click here for a text description of Figure 1.5a
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120 Month Average Retail Price pre gallon of Regular Gas in the US. Data from 12/10/05 to 12/10/15. General Trends are as follows (all numbers are visual approximations):
8/2006: $2.97
12/2006: $2.10
4/2007: $3.15
5/2008: $4.10
1/2009: $1.59
5/2009: $2.59
10/2010: $2.84
5/2011: $4.00
2/2012: $3.90
6/2012: $3.35
3/2013: $3.85
11/2013: $3.20
7/2014: $3.60
4/2015: $2.40
12/2014: $2.00
Credit: GasBuddy

Credit: By US DOE EIA (Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Common

Figure 1.6a: Diesel prices over a 20 year period. As can be seen in the graphic, the range in diesel prices has been from $1.10-4.60 per gallon. The lowest price in December 2008 was $2.05, but the high was $4.60 in June 2008. Most of the price changes have been less dramatic with many lesser peaks and valleys over the 10 year period. The current price range of diesel is ~$2.50-2.80 per gallon.
- Click here for a text description of Figure 1.6a
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Diesel Price per Gallon in the US from 1994 to 2015. General Trends are as follows (all numbers are visual approximations).
3/1994 – 3/1999: ~$1.20
9/2000: $1.70
3/2002: $1.20
3/2003: $1.70
9/2005: $3.20
9/2006: $3.20
3/2008: $4.60
3/2009: $2.20
3/2010: $3.00
3/2011-3/2014: $4.00
3/2015: $2.80

Credit: By US DOE EIA (Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Natural gas prices have been volatile over recent years. As you can see in Figure 1.7, the production of natural gas and oil has expanded in the USA; so, the price went up in recent years, but lately, it has been going down.
Figure 1.7: Natural gas price trend from 2009 until 2020. Natural gas price is in $ per MMBtu.
- Click here for a text description of Figure 1.7
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Natural Gas Price ($/MMBtu) between 2009 and 2020. General Trends are as follows (approximations):
2009: 5.24
Mid 2009: 3.8
2010: 5.83
Mid 2010: 4.8
2011: 4.49
Mid 2011: 4.8
2012: 2.67
Mid 2012: 2.46
2013: 3.33
Mid 2013: 3.83
2014: 4.71
Mid 2014: 4.59
2015: 2.99
Mid 2015: 2.78
2016: 2.28
Mid 2016: 2.59
2017: 3.3
Mid 2017: 2.98
2018: 3.87
Mid 2018: 2.97
2019: 3.11
Mid 2019: 2.4
2020: 2.02
Mid 2020: 1.63
Credit: U.S. Energy Information Administration (open source data)
And even though coal isn't the "popular" fuel currently, almost 40% of electricity generation comes from coal. Power plants began switching to natural gas in the last few years because it was quite inexpensive in 2012, and there is a common belief that natural gas would put less carbon in the atmosphere than coal because of the molecular ratio of hydrogen to carbon (natural gas, CH4, 4:1; petroleum, CH2, 2:1; and coal, CH, 2:1). However, there are also issues with natural gas that we will discuss in another section. Figure 1.8 shows the price variation in coal over recent years. When the price of oil increased in 2010, so did the price of coal. However, as natural gas prices went down, so did prices for coal. The price of coal per short ton was $40.00 in 2016. However, the price of coal typically has a range depending on the use of it (higher quality coal is used to make a carbon material called coke, a material that is used in the manufacturing of various metal materials). Lower priced coal tends to be coal that has more "bad actors" such as sulfur and nitrogen (we will discuss in another lesson) or higher water content or lower energy content.

- Click Here for a text description of Figure 1.8
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Thermal Coal CAPP Price ($/ton) between Jan 2010 and Oct 2015. General Trends are as follows (all numbers are visual approximations):
1/2010: $68/ton
2/2011: $83/ton
4/2012: $58/ton
6/2013: $54/ton
9/2015: $60/ton
10/2015: $41/ton
Credit: InfoMine.com
In recent years, petroleum became less available and more expensive, and replacement alternative fuels emerged because the economics were beginning to become more favorable. However, due to lower demand and high petroleum supply, prices drastically dropped and may affect the development of alternative fuels. There is one factor that will most likely reverse this trend; energy demands will continue to increase worldwide. For future transportation fuel needs, most likely a liquid fuel will be necessary, and no one source will be able to replace petroleum. Figure 1.9 shows the breakdown of how much of the world's energy consumption is supplied by various materials, with fossil fuels use in 2011 constituting 83%. The EIA predicts that in 2040, fossil fuel use will only decrease to 78%, even with a doubling of biomass use. If significant changes are going to happen with reducing fossil fuel usage, then a major transformation will need to happen.

- Click here for a text description of Figure 1.9
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Text Version of Two Pie Charts showing Energy Consumption in 2011 and Projected Energy Consumption in 2040
Year Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Hydropower Biomass Other Renewables 2011 37% 26% 20% 8% 3% 4% 2% 2040 31% 28% 19% 9% 3% 7% 3%
Credit: Institute for Energy Research