1.1.3: 3 Drastic Impacts of Food Production on Planet Earth- The Anthropocene

After reading Colin Sage's brief introduction to the modern-day issues surrounding environment and food, you should be aware of the fact that food production by human societies has transformed the earth's natural systems. In fact, it is very difficult to understate the enormous impact that food production to support human societies has had on the surface of our planet as the earth's population has grown. Here are some of them:

• Humans have replaced permanent forests and wild grasslands with farm fields that allow much higher rates of soil erosion where the soil is not covered year-round. This has led to trillions of tons of soil being washed into rivers, lakes, and oceans, where it is unavailable as a key resource for food production.
• The expansion of farming and grazing has contributed to the reduction and elimination of wild forest and grassland species of plants and animals: the loss of earth's biodiversity.
• In some cases, previously unproductive dryland areas have been made highly productive through the movement of irrigation water into desert areas, allowing the expansion of human settlements.
• In other cases, elimination of forest in favor of farmland has contributed to the expansion of desert areas and worsening droughts.
• Humans have intensively fertilized cropland to make it more productive with manures and chemical fertilizers, leading to excesses of nutrients and pollution in many of the world's waterways.
• Farming and the other human activities that support modern food systems are major contributors to changes in earth's climate linked to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

One term that is used to summarize these human impacts within the history of the earth is the Anthropocene, from Anthropos (human) and cene, a suffix used within the geologic timescale to denote the recent past. The Anthropocene has been proposed as a new geologic epoch because of the profound and unprecedented human alteration of earth's natural systems that we point to above. Scientists researching the Anthropocene tend to agree that it was the beginnings of agriculture that probably marked the onset of the Anthropocene. We will introduce you to the history of agriculture in Module 2. The concept of sustainable food systems that Colin Sage points to in the introductory reading are currently a major topic of debate and discussion in human societies and are a consequence of the sustainability issues that are a key feature of the Anthropocene. The idea of sustainable food systems is also a major topic of this course, and you will be asked to contribute to this discussion in your capstone project. The term Anthropocene helps us to appreciate the epochal change of the extent and degree of these changes. Yet these changes do not suggest or imply that all is lost, or that all cropping and livestock-raising are pervasively damaging to the environment. As you’ll see throughout this course there are already well-developed options worth considering and pursuing in order to expand sustainable environment-food systems.

Studies of the changes in the type of ecosystems that cover different areas of the earth or land cover (e.g. crop fields versus forest versus desert) allow us to appreciate the impact on earth during the Anthropocene (Fig. 1.1.4 below). We can see in the bar chart reflecting changes over time in land cover that farmed and grazed areas involved in food production for rising populations have expanded from less than 10% of earth's usable (ice-free) surface in the 1700s to over 50% in 2000, a stupendous change considering the size of earth's land area (similar expansion of human influence in food production in earth's ocean fisheries has also occurred).

Figure 1.1.4: A graph showing the global allocation of the ice-free land area, on all five continents, to human land use versus wild (bottom stippled bar section) across three centuries from 1700 to 2000, during the rapid expansion of human population in the Anthropocene. Credit: Steven Vanek, adapted from Ellis et. al. 2010. Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700-2000; Global Ecol. Biogeogr 19, 589–606.

Click for a text description of Figure 1.1.4

(Approximate estimate of the percentages of global allocation in ice-free land area)

Year 1700

• Wild (uninhabited) ≈ 49%
• Seminatural (e.g. inhabited forests) ≈ 45%
• Rangeland (grazed livestock, non-cropped) ≈ 1.5%
• Cropland ≈ 3%
• Villages ≈ 0.25
• Urban ≈ 0.25%

Year 2000:

• Wild (uninhabited) ≈ 24.5%
• Seminatural (e.g. inhabited forests) ≈ 20%
• Rangeland (grazed livestock, non-cropped) ≈ 32%
• Cropland ≈ 14%
• Villages ≈ 8.5%
• Urban ≈ 1%

Year 1900:

• Wild (uninhabited) ≈ 35%
• Seminatural (e.g. inhabited forests) ≈ 35%
• Rangeland (grazed livestock, non-cropped) ≈ 19.5%
• Cropland ≈ 8%
• Villages ≈ 1.75%
• Urban ≈ 0.75%

Year 1800:

• Wild (uninhabited) ≈ 45%
• Seminatural (e.g. inhabited forests) ≈ 45%
• Rangeland (grazed livestock, non-cropped) ≈ 5%
• Cropland ≈ 3%
• Villages ≈ 1.5%
• Urban ≈ 0.5%

Similarly important is that the Anthropocene, or the "human recent history of the earth" if we translate the word slightly, brings to our attention to not only the changes in natural systems or the environment but also the significant alterations of the human dimension of human-natural systems related to food. It’s safe to say that for nearly all of us this human dimension is significantly different than it was for our grandparents or even our parents. Some basic examples can be used to illustrate this trend. In the United States, for example, the population of farmers has continued to shrink. It is now less than 4 percent of the national population. At present this fraction, though generally declining worldwide, is somewhat higher in European countries and much higher in Asia and Africa. The continued importance of food-growing agriculture among large sectors of the populations in Africa and Asia, for example, creates different patterns of livelihoods (Fig 1.1.5a) and landscapes (Fig. 1.1.5b).

Figure 1.1.5a.: Farmer Cleaning Soybeans, Malawi. Credit: Max Orenstein; used with permission.

Figure 1.1.5b.: Rice-growing landscape, Vietnam. This photo illustrates the intensive interactions that exist between human habitation and farming communities in the background and food production which occupies the entire foreground. Credit: Tommy Chiu, used with permission under a creative commons license.

One important point: familiarity with environment-food systems through immediate experience among human populations, including you and your fellow learners in this course, is presumably at an all-time low. It’s also an interesting reflection on the human dimension of the Anthropocene. Other statistics could be quoted to show related trends. For example, the average amount of time being spent on food preparation is roughly one-quarter the standard allocation of time devoted to this activity 40-50 years ago. This course takes these statistics as a challenge and opportunity since environment-food interactions are both less-known than previously and, at the same time, have a very high level of importance to the environment and society.

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Knowledge Check

Figure 1.1.4 above was created by biogeographers to track the expansion of human activities for food production on earth’s surface. In your other studies, you may have learned about the global population rise over recent centuries, with its rapid spike from under one billion to almost seven billion since the 1600s until the 2000s. The above graph tracks the same process but in terms of land use devoted to food (and fiber e.g. cotton, wool, wood pulp) production. Population growth, in general, has been associated with images of growing cities. However, if you examine Figure 1.1.4, you will see that even in the 2000s cities represent a minuscule proportion of the total land area. By comparison, these charts document clearly the dramatic transformation of planet earth’s surface to acquire greater amounts of food. Answer the following questions should help you to increase your appreciation for this process.

1) Estimate the percentage of land of the sum of the uses called "villages" plus"cropland" (purple and green in the bars) in 1700 and again in 2000. From what to what % did it change in this time period?

• From about 5% to 10%
• From about 5% to 50%
• From about 5% to 20%

2) How many-fold is this increase, e.g. 3x versus 5x or 10x?

• About 4x (from 5% to 20%)
• About 2x (from 5% to 10%)
• About 10x (from 5% to 50%)

3) Meanwhile, from other data, we know that the increase in total global population from 1700 was from about 500 million to over 6 Billion, which is around a 12 or 13-fold increase. Now consider that the food crops grown for these human populations were mainly grown in the village and cropland land cover types, and humans eat about as much today per person as they did in 1700 (there have been changes, but these are small, averaged across wealth levels, compared to the expansion in cropland and production). Knowing this, did the total production per land area in village and cropland go up or down)?

• increased
• decreased

4) Rangelands (e.g. grazing lands for sheep or cattle on large extents of land) occur where land is too poor or lacks water resources to support cropping so that grazing is preferred by food producers or is the only use allowed by growing conditions. So, If (1) soils are degraded and (2) climate change leads to less sufficient rainfall in dry regions, what would you predict about the percentage of rangelands in South Asia and Equatorial Africa, versus the percentage of cropland?

• The percentage of rangelands will increase if soils become poorer and climates become drier.
• The percentage of rangelands will not change if soils become poorer and climates become drier.
• The percentage of rangelands will decrease if soils become poorer and climates become drier.