 a, $$\ \tau_\mathrm{a}$$ Adhesion or external shear strength kPa A Adhesive force on the blade kN c, $$\ \tau_\mathrm{c}$$ Cohesion or internal shear strength kPa cm Mobilized cohesion in case of Tear Type or Chip Type m C Force due to cohesion in the shear plane kN Fh Horizontal cutting force kN Fv Vertical cutting force kN g Gravitational constant (9.81) m/s2 G Gravitational force on the layer cut kN hi Initial thickness of layer cut m hb Height of blade m hb,m Mobilized height of the blade in case Curling Type m I Inertial force on the shear plane kN K1 Grain force on the shear plane kN K2 Grain force on the blade kN N1 Normal force on the shear plane kN N2 Normal force on the blade kN R1 Acting point forces on the shear plane m R2 Acting point forces on the blade m R3 Acting point gravity force m S1 Shear force due to friction on the shear plane kN S2 Shear force due to friction on the blade or the front of the wedge kN vc Cutting velocity m/s w Width of blade m W1 Force resulting from pore under pressure on the shear plane kN W2 Force resulting from pore under pressure on the blade/ front wedge kN z Water depth m $$\ \alpha$$ Cutting angle blade rad β Shear angle rad φ Angle of internal friction rad δ External friction angle rad ρs Density of the soil ton/m3 ρl Density water ton/m3