16.1: Crawler solution
- Page ID
- 12827
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)First, let’s go over our solution to the previous exercise. I provided an outline of WikiCrawler; your job was to fill in crawl. As a reminder, here are the fields in the WikiCrawler class:
public class WikiCrawler { // keeps track of where we started private final String source; // the index where the results go private JedisIndex index; // queue of URLs to be indexed private Queue<String> queue = new LinkedList<String>(); // fetcher used to get pages from Wikipedia final static WikiFetcher wf = new WikiFetcher(); }
When we create a WikiCrawler, we provide source and index. Initially, queue contains only one element, source.
Notice that the implementation of queue is a LinkedList, so we can add elements at the end — and remove them from the beginning — in constant time. By assigning a LinkedList object to a Queue variable, we limit ourselves to using methods in the Queue interface; specifically, we’ll use offer to add elements and poll to remove them.
Here’s my implementation of WikiCrawler.crawl:
public String crawl(boolean testing) throws IOException { if (queue.isEmpty()) { return null; } String url = queue.poll(); System.out.println("Crawling " + url); if (testing==false && index.isIndexed(url)) { System.out.println("Already indexed."); return null; } Elements paragraphs; if (testing) { paragraphs = wf.readWikipedia(url); } else { paragraphs = wf.fetchWikipedia(url); } index.indexPage(url, paragraphs); queueInternalLinks(paragraphs); return url; }
Most of the complexity in this method is there to make it easier to test. Here’s the logic:
- If the queue is empty, it returns
null
to indicate that it did not index a page. - Otherwise it removes and stores the next URL from the queue.
- If the URL has already been indexed, crawl doesn’t index it again, unless it’s in testing mode.
- Next it reads the contents of the page: if it’s in testing mode, it reads from a file; otherwise it reads from the Web.
- It indexes the page.
- It parses the page and adds internal links to the queue.
- Finally, it returns the URL of the page it indexed.
I presented an implementation of Index.indexPage in Section 15.1. So the only new method is WikiCrawler.queueInternalLinks.
I wrote two versions of this method with different parameters: one takes an Elements object containing one DOM tree per paragraph; the other takes an Element object that contains a single paragraph.
The first version just loops through the paragraphs. The second version does the real work.
void queueInternalLinks(Elements paragraphs) { for (Element paragraph: paragraphs) { queueInternalLinks(paragraph); } } private void queueInternalLinks(Element paragraph) { Elements elts = paragraph.select("a[href]"); for (Element elt: elts) { String relURL = elt.attr("href"); if (relURL.startsWith("/wiki/")) { String absURL = elt.attr("abs:href"); queue.offer(absURL); } } }
To determine whether a link is “internal,” we check whether the URL starts with “/wiki/”. This might include some pages we don’t want to index, like meta-pages about Wikipedia. And it might exclude some pages we want, like links to pages in non-English languages. But this simple test is good enough to get started.
That’s all there is to it. This exercise doesn’t have a lot of new material; it is mostly a chance to bring the pieces together.