4.11: References

[1] H. Nyquist, “Thermal agitation of electric charge in conductors,” Physical review, vol. 32, no. 1, p. 110, 1928.

[2] D. Chandler, Introduction to modern statistical mechanics. Oxford University Press, 1987.

[3] M. Steer, Microwave and RF Design, Transmission Lines, 3rd ed. North Carolina State University, 2019.

[4] H. Nyquist, “Thermal agitation of electric charge in conductors,” Phys. Rev., vol. 32, p. 110, 1928.

[5] D. Middleton, An Introduction to Statistical Communication Theory. IEEE Press, 1996.

[6] M. Gupta, “Thermal noise in nonlinear resistive devices and its circuit representation,” Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 788–804, Aug. 1982.

[7] A. Hati, D. Howe, F. Walls, and D. Walker, “Merits of pm noise measurement over noise figure: a study at microwave frequencies,” IEEE Trans. on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 1889– 1894, Oct. 2006.

[8] H. Hartnagel, R. Katilius, and A. Matulionis, Microwave Noise in Semiconductor Devices. Wiley, 2001.

[9] R. Sarpeshkar, T. Delbruck, and C. Mead, “White noise in mos transistors and resistors,” IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 23–29, Nov. 1993.

[10] A. Papoulis and S. Pillai, Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes. McGrawHill, 1994.

[11] Y. M. Blanter and M. B ¨uttiker, “Shot noise in mesoscopic conductors,” Physics Reports, vol. 336, no. 1/2, pp. 1–166, Sep. 2000.

[12] H. Haus, W. Atkinson, G. Branch, W. Davenport, W. Fonger, W. Harris, S. Harrison, W. McLeod, E. Stodola, and T. Talpey, “Representation of noise in linear twoports,” Proc. of the IRE, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 69–74, Jan. 1960.

[13] H. Friis, “Noise figures of radio receivers,” Proc. of the IRE, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 419–422, Jul. 1944.

[14] W. Mumford and E. Scheibe, Noise Performance Factors in Communication Systems. Horizon House, 1968.

[15] “Noise figure measurement accuracy-the yfactor method,” Agilent Technologies, application Note 57-2.

[16] A. Victor and M. Steer, “Improved y factor noise measurement using the second stage contribution to advantage,” in 65th ARFTG Conf. Digest, Spring 2005, Jun. 2005, p. 3.

[17] QORVO, “FPD6836P70 data sheet, low noise high frequency packaged enhancement mode phemt transistor,” http://www.qorvo.com.

[18] “IEEE Standard 1139-2008, Standard Definitions of Physical Quantities for Fundamental Frequency and Time Metrology—Random Instabilities,” IEEE, Feb. 2009.

[19] B. Mandelbrot and J. Van Ness, “Fractional brownian motions, fractional noises and applications,” SIAM Review, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 422–437, 1968.

[20] G. Wornell, “Wavelet-based representations for the 1/f family of fractal processes,” Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 81, no. 10, pp. 1428–1450, Oct. 1993.

[21] G. Wornell and A. Oppenheim, Signal Processing with Fractals: A Wavelet-Based Approach. Prentice Hall, 1996.

[22] D. Leeson, “A simple model of feedback oscillator noise spectrum,” Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 329–330, Feb. 1966.

[23] A. Hajimiri and T. Lee, “A general theory of phase noise in electrical oscillators,” IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 179– 194, Feb. 1998.

[24] W. Pastori, “Effects of DUT mismatch on the noise figure characterization: a comparative analysis of two Y-factor techniques,” Microwave Journal, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 50–60, Apr. 1983.

[25] J.-M. Collantes, R. D. Pollard, and M. Sayed, “Effects of dut mismatch on the noise figure characterization: a comparative analysis of two Y-factor techniques,” IEEE Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1150–1156, Dec. 2002.

[26] U. Rohde and J. Whitake, Communications Receivers. McGraw Hill, 2001.

[27] J. Pedro and C. N.B., Intermodulation Distortion in Microwave and Wireless Circuits. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, Inc., 2003.

[28] J. Sevic and M. Steer, “On the significance of envelope peak-to-average ratio for estimating the spectral regrowth of an RF/microwave power amplifier,” IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1068–1071, 2000.

[29] N. de Carvalho and J. Pedro, “A comprehensive explanation of distortion sideband asymmetries,” IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 2090– 2101, Sep. 2002.

[30] A. Walker, M. Steer, and K. Gard, “Capturing asymmetry in distortion of an RF system using a multislice behavioral model,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 212–214, 2006.

[31] W. Jang, A. Walker, K. Gard, and M. Steer, “Capturing asymmetrical spectral regrowth in RF systems using a multi-slice behavioral model and enhanced envelop transient analysis,” Int. Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 400–407, 2006.

[32] W. Jang, N. Kriplani, and M. Steer, “Behavioural modelling of amplifier asymmetry in the time domain,” Int. Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields, 2012.

[33] M. Amin and F. Benson, “Coaxial cables as sources of intermodulation interference at microwave frequencies,” IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. EMC-20, no. 3, pp. 376–384, Aug. 1978.

[34] M. Amin and I. Benson, “Nonlinear effects in coaxial cables at microwave frequencies,” Electronics Letters, vol. 13, no. 25, pp. 768–770, 8 1977.

[35] J. Wilkerson, P. Lam, K. Gard, and M. Steer, “Distributed passive intermodulation distortion on transmission lines,” IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 1190–1205, May 2011.

[36] J. Wilkerson, K. Gard, and M. Steer, “Electrothermal passive intermodulation distortion in microwave attenuators,” in 36th European Microwave Conf., Sep. 2006, pp. 157–160.

[37] J. Wilkerson, K. Gard, A. Schuchinsky, and M. Steer, “Electro-thermal theory of intermodulation distortion in lossy microwave components,” IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 2717– 2725, Dec. 2008.

[38] J. Wilkerson, K. Gard, and M. Steer, “Automated broadband high-dynamic-range nonlinear distortion measurement system,” IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 1273–1282, may 2010.

[39] C. Vicente and H. Hartnagel, “Passive-intermodulation analysis between rough rectangular waveguide flanges,” IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 2515–2525, Aug. 2005.

[40] C. Vicente, D. Wolk, H. Hartnagel, and D. Raboso, “An experimental investigation on passive intermodulation at rectangular waveguide interfaces,” in 2006 IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., Jun. 2006, pp. 242–245.

[41] G. Mazzaro, M. Steer, and K. Gard, “Intermodulation distortion in narrowband amplifier circuits,” IET Microwaves, Antennas Propagation, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 1149–1156, Sep. 2010.

[42] G. Mazzaro, M. Steer, K. Gard, and A. Walker, “Response of RF networks to transient waveforms: Interference in frequency-hopped communications,” IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 2808–2814, Dec. 2008.

[43] J. Wetherington and M. Steer, “Robust analog canceller for high-dynamic-range radio frequency measurement,” IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1709–1719, Jun. 2012.

[44] A. Christianson and W. Chappell, “Measurement of ultra low passive intermodulation with ability to separate current/voltage induced nonlinearities,” in 2009 IEEE MTTS Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., Jun. 2009, pp. 1301–1304.

[45] J. Russer, A. Ramachandran, A. Cangellaris, and P. Russer, “Phenomenological modeling of passive intermodulation (PIM) due to electron tunneling at metallic contacts,” in 2006 IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., Jun. 2006, pp. 1129–1132.

[46] J. Simmons, “Generalized thermal j-v characteristic for the electric tunnel effect,” Applied Physics, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 2655–2658, Sep. 1964.

[47] J. Henrie, A. Christianson, and W. Chappell, “Engineered passive nonlinearities for broadband passive intermodulation distortion mitigation,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 614– 616, Oct. 2009.

[48] J. Wetherington and M. Steer, “Standoff acoustic modulation of radio frequency signals in a log-periodic dipole array antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 1, Aug. 2012.

[49] A. Hati, C. Nelson, and D. Howe, “Effect of vibration on P and AM noise of oscillatory and non-oscillatory components at 10 GHz,” in 2009 IEEE Int. Frequency Control Symp., Joint with the 22nd European Frequency and Time Forum, Apr. 2009, pp. 524–529.

[50] “E-20-01A: ECCS Standard on Multipaction and Test,” http://www.ecss.nl.