The state of the cell during time step i is an integer, x i . As an initial condition, suppose x 0 = 0. Arbitrarily, I’ll pick x i+1 = x i + 1, which says that during each time step, the state of the ...The state of the cell during time step i is an integer, x i . As an initial condition, suppose x 0 = 0. Arbitrarily, I’ll pick x i+1 = x i + 1, which says that during each time step, the state of the CA gets incremented by 1. For a 2-state CA, we could write a rule like x i+1 = (x i + 1) % 2, where % is the remainder (or modulus) operator. In the rest of this chapter, we explore one-dimensional (1-D) CAs; in the next chapter we explore two-dimensional CAs.