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- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Networks/An_Introduction_to_Computer_Networks_(Dordal)/01%3A_An_Overview_of_Networks/1.13%3A_FirewallsThe usual goal is to arrange things so that when the server reaches the end of the currently executing function, control is returned not to the calling function but instead to the attacker’s own paylo...The usual goal is to arrange things so that when the server reaches the end of the currently executing function, control is returned not to the calling function but instead to the attacker’s own payload code located within the string. Nowadays per-host firewalls – in addition to router-based firewalls – are common: you can configure your workstation not to accept inbound connections to most (or all) ports regardless of whether software on the workstation requests such a connection.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Networks/An_Introduction_to_Computer_Networks_(Dordal)/01%3A_An_Overview_of_Networks/1.12%3A_TransportWhen you enter a host name in a web browser, it opens a TCP connection to the server’s port 80 (the standard web-traffic port), that is, to the server socket with socket-address ⟨server,80⟩. If you ha...When you enter a host name in a web browser, it opens a TCP connection to the server’s port 80 (the standard web-traffic port), that is, to the server socket with socket-address ⟨server,80⟩. If you have several browser tabs open, each might connect to the same server socket, but the connections are distinguishable by virtue of using separate ports (and thus having separate socket addresses) on the client end (that is, your end).
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Networks/An_Introduction_to_Computer_Networks_(Dordal)/07%3A_IP_version_4/7.02%3A_The_IPv4_HeaderThe Total Length field is present because an IPv4 packet may be smaller than the minimum LAN packet size (see Exercise 1) or larger than the maximum (if the IPv4 packet has been fragmented over severa...The Total Length field is present because an IPv4 packet may be smaller than the minimum LAN packet size (see Exercise 1) or larger than the maximum (if the IPv4 packet has been fragmented over several LAN packets. The sender would insert into the IPv4 header option area a list of IPv4 addresses; the packet would be routed to pass through each of those IPv4 addresses in turn.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Networks/An_Introduction_to_Computer_Networks_(Dordal)/03%3A_Other_LANs/3.06%3A_Adventures_in_RadiolandFor the remainder of this chapter we leave wires (and fiber) behind, and contemplate the transmission of packets via radio, freeing nodes from their cable tethers. Wi-fi (3.7 Wi-Fi) and mobile wirel...For the remainder of this chapter we leave wires (and fiber) behind, and contemplate the transmission of packets via radio, freeing nodes from their cable tethers. Wi-fi (3.7 Wi-Fi) and mobile wireless (3.8 WiMAX and LTE) are now ubiquitous. But radio is not quite like wire, and wireless transmission of packets brings several changes.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Networks/An_Introduction_to_Computer_Networks_(Dordal)/01%3A_An_Overview_of_Networks/1.16%3A_Berkeley_UnixThough not officially tied to the IETF, the Berkeley Unix releases became de facto reference implementations for most of the TCP/IP protocols. 4.1BSD (BSD for Berkeley Software Distribution) was relea...Though not officially tied to the IETF, the Berkeley Unix releases became de facto reference implementations for most of the TCP/IP protocols. 4.1BSD (BSD for Berkeley Software Distribution) was released in 1981, 4.2BSD in 1983, 4.3BSD in 1986, 4.3BSD-Tahoe in 1988, 4.3BSD-Reno in 1990, and 4.4BSD in 1994. The TCP implementations TCP Tahoe and TCP Reno (13 TCP Reno and Congestion Management) took their names from the corresponding 4.3BSD releases.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Networks/An_Introduction_to_Computer_Networks_(Dordal)/05%3A_PacketsIn this chapter we address a few abstract questions about packets, and take a close look at transmission times. We also consider how big packets should be, and how to detect transmission errors. These...In this chapter we address a few abstract questions about packets, and take a close look at transmission times. We also consider how big packets should be, and how to detect transmission errors. These issues are independent of any particular set of protocols.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Networks/An_Introduction_to_Computer_Networks_(Dordal)/08%3A_IP_version_6/8.07%3A_Neighbor_DiscoveryIf C attempts to send to A a neighbor advertisement claiming to be B, then C can sign the message with its own private key, but the hash of the corresponding public key will not match the interface-id...If C attempts to send to A a neighbor advertisement claiming to be B, then C can sign the message with its own private key, but the hash of the corresponding public key will not match the interface-identifier portion of B’s address. In general, CGI addresses allow recipients of a message to verify that the source address is the “owner” of the associated public key, without any need for a public-key infrastructure (22.9.3 Trust and the Man in the Middle).
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Networks/An_Introduction_to_Computer_Networks_(Dordal)/02%3A_Ethernet/2.04%3A_Gigabit_EthernetCombined with the restriction that each length of cable is a station-to-station link (that is, hubs are no longer allowed), this means that collisions simply do not occur and the network diameter is n...Combined with the restriction that each length of cable is a station-to-station link (that is, hubs are no longer allowed), this means that collisions simply do not occur and the network diameter is no longer a concern. (10 Gigabit Ethernet has officially abandoned any pretense of supporting collisions; everything must be full-duplex.)
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Networks/An_Introduction_to_Computer_Networks_(Dordal)/17%3A_The_ns-3_Network_SimulatorGone is the Tcl programming interface; instead, ns-3 simulation programs are written in the C++ language, with extensive calls to the ns-3 library, although they are often still referred to as simulat...Gone is the Tcl programming interface; instead, ns-3 simulation programs are written in the C++ language, with extensive calls to the ns-3 library, although they are often still referred to as simulation “scripts”. As the simulator core itself is also written in C++, this in some cases allows improved interaction between configuration and execution.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Networks/An_Introduction_to_Computer_Networks_(Dordal)/08%3A_IP_version_6/8.06%3A_IPv6_Extension_HeadersWith one exception [that is, Hop-by-Hop headers], extension headers are not examined or processed by any node along a packet’s delivery path, until the packet reaches the node (or each of the set of n...With one exception [that is, Hop-by-Hop headers], extension headers are not examined or processed by any node along a packet’s delivery path, until the packet reaches the node (or each of the set of nodes, in the case of multicast) identified in the Destination Address field of the IPv6 header.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Networks/An_Introduction_to_Computer_Networks_(Dordal)/02%3A_Ethernet/2.06%3A_Spanning_Tree_Algorithm_and_RedundancyIf a remaining port connects to a segment to which other “segment-neighbor” switches connect as well, the port is enabled if the switch has the minimum cost to the root among those segment-neighbors, ...If a remaining port connects to a segment to which other “segment-neighbor” switches connect as well, the port is enabled if the switch has the minimum cost to the root among those segment-neighbors, or, if a tie, the smallest ID among those neighbors, or, if two ports are tied, the port with the smaller ID.
