5.9: Nomenclature

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F_h	Horizontal cutting force	kN
F_v	Vertical cutting force	kN
g	Gravitational constant (9.81)	m/s²
G	Gravitational force on the layer cut	kN
h_i	Initial thickness of layer cut	m
h_b	Height of blade	m
I	Inertial force on the shear plane	kN
K₁	Grain force on the shear plane	kN
K₂	Grain force on the blade or the front of the wedge	kN
N₁	Normal force on the shear plane	kN
N₂	Normal force on the blade or the front of the wedge	kN
P_c	Cutting power	kW
S₁	Shear force due to friction on the shear plane	kN
S₂	Shear force due to friction on the blade or the front of the wedge	kN
v_c	Cutting velocity component perpendicular to the blade	m/s
w	Width of blade	m
W₁	Force resulting from pore under pressure on the shear plane	kN
W2	Force resulting from pore under pressure on the blade or on the front of the wedge	kN
α	Cutting angle blade	rad
β	Shear angle	rad
φ	Angle of internal friction	rad
δ	External friction angle	rad
ρ_s	Density of the soil	ton/m³
ρ_w	Density water	ton/m³

Screen Shot 2020-08-17 at 7.56.05 PM.png — Figure 5-23: A bulldozer pushing sand (commons.wikimedia.org).