3.2: Bounds
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
The array index consists of a range of values with a lower bound and an upper bound.
In some programming languages only the upper bound can be chosen while the lower bound is fixed to be either 0 (C, C++, C#, Java) or 1 (FORTRAN 66, R).
In other programming languages (Ada, PL/I, Pascal) both the upper and lower bound can be freely chosen (even negative).