12.18: Chapter Summary
- Page ID
- 45988
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)In this chapter we saw how to use exceptions to signal and handle abnormal situations arising in our code.
- Do not use exceptions as a control-flow mechanism. Reserve them for notifications and for abnormal situations. Consider providing methods that take blocks as arguments as an alternative to signaling exceptions.
- Use
protectedBlock ensure:actionBlockto ensure that actionBlock will be performed even if protectedBlock terminates abnormally. - Use
protectedBlock ifCurtailed:actionBlockto ensure that actionBlock will be performed only if protectedBlock terminates abnormally. - Exceptions are objects. Exception classes form a hierarchy with the class
Exceptionat the root of the hierarchy. - Use
protectedBlock on: ExceptionClass do:handlerBlockto catch exceptions that are instances of ExceptionClass (or any of its subclasses). The handlerBlock should take an exception instance as its sole argument. - Exceptions are signaled by sending one of the messages
signalorsignal:.signal:takes a descriptive string as its argument. The description of an exception can be obtained by sending it the messagedescription. - You can set a breakpoint in your code by inserting the message-send
self halt. This signals a resumableHaltexception, which, by default, will open a debugger at the point where the breakpoint occurs. - When an exception is signaled, the runtime system will search up the execution stack, looking for a handler for that specific class of exception. If none is found, the
defaultActionfor that exception will be performed (i.e., in most cases the debugger will be opened). - An exception handler may terminate the protected block by sending return: to the signaled exception; the value of the protected block will be the argument supplied to
return:. - An exception handler may retry a protected block by sending
retryto the signaled exception. The handler remains in effect. - An exception handler may specify a new block to try by sending
retryUsing:to the signaled exception, with the new block as its argument. Here, too, the handler remains in effect. - Notifications are subclass of Exception with the property that they can be safely resumed without the handler having to take any specific action.
Acknowledgments. We gratefully acknowledge Vassili Bykov for the raw material he provided. We also thank Paolo Bonzini for the Smalltalk implementations of ensure: and ifCurtailed:. We thank Hernan Wilkinson, Lukas Renggli, Christopher Oliver, Camillo Bruni, Hernan Wilkinson and Carlos Ferro for their comments and suggestions.