# 6.8: Checking types

What happens if we call factorial and give it 1.5 as an argument?

>>> factorial(1.5)
RuntimeError: Maximum recursion depth exceeded


It looks like an infinite recursion. How can that be? The function has a base case—when n == 0. But if $$n$$ is not an integer, we can miss the base case and recurse forever.

In the first recursive call, the value of $$n$$ is 0.5. In the next, it is -0.5. From there, it gets smaller (more negative), but it will never be 0.

We have two choices. We can try to generalize the factorial function to work with floating-point numbers, or we can make factorial check the type of its argument. The first option is called the gamma function and it’s a little beyond the scope of this book. So we’ll go for the second.

We can use the built-in function isinstance to verify the type of the argument. While we’re at it, we can also make sure the argument is positive:

def factorial(n):
if not isinstance(n, int):
print('Factorial is only defined for integers.')
return None
elif n < 0:
print('Factorial is not defined for negative integers.')
return None
elif n == 0:
return 1
else:
return n * factorial(n-1)


The first base case handles nonintegers; the second handles negative integers. In both cases, the program prints an error message and returns None to indicate that something went wrong:

>>> print(factorial('fred'))
Factorial is only defined for integers.
None
>>> print(factorial(-2))
Factorial is not defined for negative integers.
None


If we get past both checks, we know that $$n$$ is a non-negative integer, so we can prove that the recursion terminates.

This program demonstrates a pattern sometimes called a guardian. The first two conditionals act as guardians, protecting the code that follows from values that might cause an error. The guardians make it possible to prove the correctness of the code.

In Section 11.4 we will see a more flexible alternative to printing an error message: raising an exception.