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Polymer Chemistry: Classification of Polymers

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    2919
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    The most common way of classifying polymers is to separate them into three groups - thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. The thermoplastics can be divided into two types - those that are crystalline and those that are amorphous.

    Thermoplastics

    Molecules in a thermoplastic are held together by relatively weak intermolecular forces so that the material softens when exposed to heat and then returns to its original condition when cooled. Thermoplastic polymers can be repeatedly softened by heating and then solidified by cooling - a process similar to the repeated melting and cooling of metals. Most linear and slightly branched polymers are thermoplastic. All the major thermoplastics are produced by chain polymerization.

    Thermoplastics have a wide range of applications because they can be formed and reformed in so many shapes. Some examples are food packaging, insulation, automobile bumpers, and credit cards.

    Thermosets

    A thermosetting plastic, or thermoset, solidifies or "sets" irreversibly when heated; they cannot be reshaped by heating. Thermosets usually are three-dimensional networked polymers in which there is a high degree of cross-linking between polymer chains. The cross-linking restricts the motion of the chains and leads to a rigid material. A simulated skeletal structure of a network polymer with a high cross-link density is shown below.

    class06.gif

    Thermosets are strong and durable. They primarily are used in automobiles and construction. They also are used to make toys, varnishes, boat hulls, and glues.

    Elastomers

    Elastomers are rubbery polymers that can be stretched easily to several times their unstretched length and which rapidly return to their original dimensions when the applied stress is released. Elastomers are cross-linked, but have a low cross-link density. The polymer chains still have some freedom to move, but are prevented from permanently moving relative to each other by the cross-links. To stretch, the polymer chains must not be part of a rigid solid - either a glass or a crystal. An elastomer must be above its glass transition temperature, \(T_g\), and have a low degree of crystallinity. Rubber bands and other elastics are made of elastomers.

    class07.gif

    Contributors and Attributions

    • David Whisnant (Wofford College). Partial support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation's Division of Undergraduate Education through grants DUE #9950809 and DUE #9950296. Additional support was provided by the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation.


    This page titled Polymer Chemistry: Classification of Polymers is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Whisnant.

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