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- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Mechanical_Engineering/Mechanics_of_Materials_(Roylance)/03%3A_General_Concepts_of_Stress_and_StrainThis page offers a mathematical framework for kinematic, equilibrium, and constitutive equations crucial for stress analysis of complex geometrical structures. It sets the foundation for theoretical a...This page offers a mathematical framework for kinematic, equilibrium, and constitutive equations crucial for stress analysis of complex geometrical structures. It sets the foundation for theoretical and numerical methods, including finite element analysis, and introduces notation for stress and strain. The chapter also covers stress axis transformation for practical applications, such as analyzing stresses on atomic planes and joints.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Applied_Programming/Think_Complexity%3A_Exploring_Complexity_Science_with_Python_(Downey)/12%3A_Evolution_of_cooperation/12.07%3A_ResultsThe rest of the simulation is highly variable, but with the exception of one big drop, mean fitness is usually between 2 and 3, with the long-term mean close to 2.5. Retaliating compares the number of...The rest of the simulation is highly variable, but with the exception of one big drop, mean fitness is usually between 2 and 3, with the long-term mean close to 2.5. Retaliating compares the number of elements in all genomes where an agent defects after the opponent defects (elements 2, 4, and 6) with the number of places where an agents defects after the opponent cooperates.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Applied_Programming/Think_Complexity%3A_Exploring_Complexity_Science_with_Python_(Downey)/11%3A_Evolution/11.08%3A_MutationIn the simulations so far, we start with the maximum possible diversity — one agent at every location in the landscape — and end with the minimum possible diversity, all agents at one location. In cas...In the simulations so far, we start with the maximum possible diversity — one agent at every location in the landscape — and end with the minimum possible diversity, all agents at one location. In case of mutation, we choose a random direction from the current location — that is, a random bit in the genotype — and flip it.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Courses/Bucknell_University/CEEG_445%3A_Environmental_Engineering_Chemistry_(Fall_2020)/02%3A_Equilibrium/2.02%3A_Chemical_EquilibriaA reaction is at equilibrium when the amounts of reactants or products no longer change. Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic process, meaning the rate of formation of products by the forward reaction is...A reaction is at equilibrium when the amounts of reactants or products no longer change. Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic process, meaning the rate of formation of products by the forward reaction is equal to the rate at which the products re-form reactants by the reverse reaction.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electrical_Engineering/Signal_Processing_and_Modeling/Information_and_Entropy_(Penfield)/11%3A_Energy/11.03%3A_System_and_Environment/11.3.04%3A_EquilibriumFirst, the new entropy is the sum of the new entropy of the system and the new entropy of the environment, because entropy is an extensive quantity. Furthermore, the old total entropy (at the time the...First, the new entropy is the sum of the new entropy of the system and the new entropy of the environment, because entropy is an extensive quantity. Furthermore, the old total entropy (at the time the interaction started) is the sum of the old system entropy and the old environment entropy, for the same reason.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Mechanical_Engineering/Mechanics_of_Materials_(Roylance)/03%3A_General_Concepts_of_Stress_and_Strain/3.04%3A_Constitutive_RelationsThis page explores the interrelation of kinematics, equilibrium, and constitutive relations in Mechanics of Materials, focusing on elastic constants affected by processing and microstructure. It detai...This page explores the interrelation of kinematics, equilibrium, and constitutive relations in Mechanics of Materials, focusing on elastic constants affected by processing and microstructure. It details isotropic materials and stress tensor decomposition into hydrostatic and distortional components, discussing their impact on material behavior. The distinctions between true and engineering stress in deformation are examined, along with adaptations for anisotropic materials.
