Engineers routinely work with quantities that are extremely large or extremely small. Writing every value with a long string of zeros would be inconvenient and would make calculations harder to read. SI prefixes solve this problem by representing powers of ten.
Prefix + Unit = Scaled Unit
Consider the meter, which is a unit of length:
\[ 1\text{ km}=1000\text{ m} \qquad 1\text{ cm}=0.01\text{ m} \qquad 1\text{ mm}=0.001\text{ m} \nonumber \]
All four units — kilometers, meters, centimeters, and millimeters — still measure length. The prefix only tells us the scale.
The same idea works with many engineering units. A millivolt and a megavolt both measure voltage. A milliampere and a microampere both measure electric current. The physical quantity stays the same; only the size of the unit changes.
Common SI Prefixes
The table below shows several prefixes you will encounter frequently in engineering. You do not need to memorize every example unit yet. For now, concentrate on recognizing the prefix, symbol, and power of ten.
Common SI prefixes, symbols, scale factors, and engineering examples.
| Prefix |
Symbol |
Factor |
Engineering example |
| pico |
p |
\(10^{-12}\) |
1 pF = one picofarad, a very small capacitance |
| nano |
n |
\(10^{-9}\) |
1 nm = one nanometer, a very small length |
| micro |
μ |
\(10^{-6}\) |
1 μA = one microampere, a small electric current |
| milli |
m |
\(10^{-3}\) |
1 mV = one millivolt, a small voltage |
| centi |
c |
\(10^{-2}\) |
1 cm = one centimeter = 0.01 meter |
| no prefix |
— |
\(10^{0}=1\) |
1 m = one meter; 1 A = one ampere |
| kilo |
k |
\(10^{3}\) |
1 kΩ = one kilo-ohm = 1000 ohms of resistance |
| mega |
M |
\(10^{6}\) |
1 MPa = one megapascal, a unit commonly used for stress or pressure |
| giga |
G |
\(10^{9}\) |
1 GHz = one gigahertz = one billion cycles per second |
| tera |
T |
\(10^{12}\) |
1 THz = one terahertz = one trillion cycles per second |
How to Read a Prefixed Unit
Break the symbol into two pieces:
\[ \boxed{\text{k}\Omega} \qquad \underbrace{\text{k}}_{\text{kilo }(10^3)} + \underbrace{\Omega}_{\text{ohm}} \nonumber \]
Therefore:
\[ 1\text{ k}\Omega = 10^3\Omega = 1000\Omega \nonumber \]
The prefix kilo- changes the scale. The ohm is still the unit, and resistance is still the physical quantity being measured.
⚠ Watch Out — Capitalization Matters
SI prefix symbols are case-sensitive.
\[ \text{m}=\text{milli}=10^{-3} \qquad\text{while}\qquad \text{M}=\text{mega}=10^{6} \nonumber \]
For electric current:
\[ 1\text{ mA}=0.001\text{ A} \qquad 1\text{ MA}=1{,}000{,}000\text{ A} \nonumber \]
Those values differ by a factor of \(10^9\). A milliampere is common in small electronic circuits. A megaampere represents an extraordinarily large current. Always check capitalization.
One Symbol Can Mean Different Things in Context
The lowercase letter m is also the symbol for the meter.
In \(5\text{ m}\), the symbol m means meters.
In \(5\text{ mA}\), the m appears in front of the unit A and means milli-, so the quantity is 5 milliamperes.
Read the entire unit symbol rather than interpreting one letter by itself.
✓ Worked Example 5.4 — Prefix Conversion
Problem: A resistor is labeled \(4.7\text{ k}\Omega\). A capacitor is labeled \(22\text{ μF}\). Express each value without an SI prefix.
What the units mean:
- \(\Omega\), pronounced ohm, is a unit of electrical resistance.
- F, pronounced farad, is a unit of electrical capacitance.
Step 1 — Replace each prefix with its power of ten:
\[ 4.7\text{ k}\Omega = 4.7\times10^3\Omega = 4{,}700\Omega \nonumber \] \[ 22\text{ μF} = 22\times10^{-6}\text{ F} = 0.000022\text{ F} = 2.2\times10^{-5}\text{ F} \nonumber \]
Notice the direction: kilo represents a unit larger than the unprefixed unit, so 4.7 kΩ becomes a larger numerical value when written in ohms. Micro represents a unit much smaller than a farad, so 22 μF becomes a small decimal when written in farads.
Why this matters: If a spreadsheet, MATLAB script, or other computational model expects resistance in ohms and capacitance in farads, you must enter \(4700\) and \(0.000022\), not \(4.7\) and \(22\). Always check what units the model expects before entering a value.
Scale Awareness
Prefixes do more than shorten numbers. They help engineers develop intuition about the scale of a quantity.
For example:
- A millimeter is about the scale of small mechanical features.
- A micrometer is about one-thousandth of a millimeter.
- A nanometer is another thousand times smaller.
- A kilometer is useful for distances between locations rather than dimensions of individual objects.
As you gain engineering experience, these prefixes will begin to communicate an expected scale before you even look closely at the number. That intuition is useful for catching unreasonable answers.
Special Case — The Kilogram
There is one SI naming exception worth knowing. The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg), even though its name already contains the prefix kilo-.
When prefixes are used with mass, they are applied to the gram: for example, milligram (mg), gram (g), and kilogram (kg). Do not try to build prefixes on top of kilogram.
