2.13: Nomenclature

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a, \(\ \tau_\mathrm{a}\)	Adhesion or external shear strength	kPa
c, \(\ \tau_\mathrm{c}\)	Cohesion or internal shear strength	kPa
f	Function	-
F	Horizontal force	kN
F_h	Horizontal force on soil element	kN
F_v	Verical force on soil element	kN
F_n	Normal force on soil element	kN
F_s	Shear force on soil element	kN
g	Gravitational constant (9.81)	m/s²
G	Gravitational vertical force	kN
h	Height of the dam/soil	m
K_a	Coefficient of active failure	-
K_p	Coefficient of passive failure	-
N	Force normal to the shear plane	kN
S	Shear force on the shear plane	kN
α	Orientation of shear plane (Mohr circle)	rad
β	Angle of the shear plane (active & passive failure)	rad
δ	External friction angle or soil/interface friction angle	rad
φ	Internal friction angle	rad
σ	Normal stress	kPa
σ_h	Horizontal normal stress (principal stress)	kPa
σ_v	Vertical normal stress (principal stress)	kPa
σ_in	Internal normal stress	kPa
σ_ex	External normal stress or soil interface normal stress	kPa
\(\ \tau\)	Shear stress	kPa
\(\ \tau_{\text {in }}\)	Internal shear stress	kPa
\(\ \tau_{\text {ex }}\)	External shear stress or soil interface shear stress	kPa
ρ_g	Density of the soil	ton/m³
μ_in	Internal friction coefficient	-
μ_ex	External friction coefficient	-