11.4: Overloading Operators

Learning Objectives

By the end of this section you should be able to

• Identify magic methods and describe their purpose.
• Develop overloaded arithmetic and comparison operators for user-defined classes.

Magic methods and customizing

Magic methods are special methods that perform actions for users, typically out of view of users. Magic methods are also called dunder methods, since the methods must start and end with double underscores (__). Ex: __init__() is a magic method used alongside __new__() to create a new instance and initialize attributes with a simple line like eng = Engineer(). A programmer can explicitly define a magic method in a user-defined class to customize the method's behavior.

Checkpoint: Customizing __str__() in a user-defined class, Engineer

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Concepts in Practice: Magic methods

1.

Which of the following is a magic method?

1. add()

_add_()

__add__()

2.

Why are magic methods special?

1. can't be called by the user
2. perform internal actions
3. have fixed definitions

3.

Consider the example above, and identify the magic method(s) in the updated program.

1. __init__()
2. __str__()
3. __init__(), __str__()

Overloading arithmetic operators

Operator overloading refers to customizing the function of a built-in operator. Arithmetic operators are commonly overloaded to allow for easy changes to instances of user-defined classes.

Checkpoint: Overloading __add__() for a user-defined class, Account

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Arithmetic operator (Operation)	Magic method
+ (Addition)	__add__(self, other)
- (Subtraction)	__sub__(self, other)
* (Multiplication)	__mul__(self, other)
/ (Division)	__truediv__(self, other)
% (Modulo)	__mod__(self, other)
** (Power)	__pow__(self, other)

Table 11.1 Arithmetic operators and magic methods.

Concepts in Practice: Arithmetic operator overloading

4.

A programmer explicitly defining the modulo operator for their user-defined class is ___________ the operator.

1. overloading

rewriting

implementing

5.

Given the code below, which argument maps to the parameter other in the call to Account.__add__()?

acct_a = Account("Ashe", 6492)
acct_b = Account("Bevins", 5210)

acct_ab = acct_a + acct_b

1. acct_a
2. acct_b
3. acct_ab

6.

Which __sub__() definition overloads the - operator for the code below to work?

class Pair:
  def __init__(self, x=0, y=0):
    self.x = x
    self.y = y
  # Define __sub__()

p1 = Pair(10, 2)
p2 = Pair(8, 4)
p3 = p1 - p2
print(p3.x, p3.y)

1.   def __sub__(self):
       return Pair(self.x - other.x, self.y - other.y)
   

2.   def __sub__(self, other):
       return self.x - other.x, self.y - other.y
   

3.   def __sub__(self, other):
       return Pair(self.x - other.x, self.y - other.y)
   

Overloading comparison operators

Comparison operators can also be overloaded like arithmetic operators.

Comparison operator (Operation)	Magic method
< (Less than)	__lt__(self, other)
> (Greater than)	__gt__(self, other)
<= (Less than or equal to)	__le__(self, other)
>= (Greater than or equal to)	__ge__(self, other)
== (Equal)	__eq__(self, other)
!= (Not equal)	__ne__(self, other)

Table 11.2 Comparison operators and magic methods.

Example 11.2

Overloading comparison operators for the Account class

Code

Output

class Account: def __init__(self, name="", amount=0): self.name = name self.amount = amount def __str__(self): return f"{self.name}: ${self.amount}" def __lt__(self, other): return self.amount < other.amount def __gt__(self, other): return self.amount > other.amount def __eq__(self, other): return self.amount == other.amount acct_a = Account("Ashe", 6492) acct_b = Account("Bevins", 5210) print(acct_a < acct_b) print(acct_a > acct_b) acct_a.amount = 5210 print(acct_a == acct_b)

False True True

Table 11.3

Concepts in Practice: Comparison operator overloading

Consider the example above.

7.

How many operators are overloaded?

1. 3

4

5

8.

Which code appropriately overloads the <= operator?

1.   def __le__(other):
       return self.amount <= other.amount
   

2.   def __le__(self, other):
       return self.amount <= other.amount
   

3.   def __le__(self, other):
       return other.amount <= self.amount
   

9.

Which type of value does __gt__() return?

1. account instance
2. Boolean
3. integer

Try It: Combining exercise logs

The ExerciseLog class has two instance attributes: e_type, the type of exercise, and duration, the time spent exercising.

Overload the + operator to combine two ExerciseLogs such that:

• If the exercise types are different, combine them with " and " in between. Else, use the same type and don't duplicate.
• Add durations together.

Given input:

    walk
    5
    run
    30

The output is:

    walk and run: 35 minutes

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Try It: Expanding the Account class

Using isinstance() allows the programmer to define different behaviors depending on an object's type. The first parameter is the object, and the second parameter is the type or class. Ex: isinstance(my_var, int) returns True if my_var is an integer.

Expand the existing Account example so that the addition operator can also be used to add an integer value to an Account's amount attribute.

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