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- https://eng.libretexts.org/Courses/Bucknell_University/CEEG_445%3A_Environmental_Engineering_Chemistry_(Fall_2020)/02%3A_Equilibrium/2.04%3A_Le_Chateliers_PrincipleSystems at equilibrium can be disturbed by changes to temperature, concentration, and, in some cases, volume and pressure; volume and pressure changes will disturb equilibrium if the number of moles o...Systems at equilibrium can be disturbed by changes to temperature, concentration, and, in some cases, volume and pressure; volume and pressure changes will disturb equilibrium if the number of moles of gas is different on the reactant and product sides of the reaction. The system's response to these disturbances is described by Le Châtelier's principle: The system will respond in a way that counteracts the disturbance. Not all changes to the system result in a disturbance of the equilibrium.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Courses/Bucknell_University/CEEG_445%3A_Environmental_Engineering_Chemistry_(Fall_2020)/05%3A_Gas_Laws/5.02%3A_Relating_Pressure_Volume_Amount_and_Temperature-_The_Ideal_Gas_LawThe behavior of gases can be described by several laws based on experimental observations of their properties. including Amontons’s law, Charles’s law, Boyle’s lawand Avogadro’s law. These laws can be...The behavior of gases can be described by several laws based on experimental observations of their properties. including Amontons’s law, Charles’s law, Boyle’s lawand Avogadro’s law. These laws can be extracted directly from the ideal gas law.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Courses/Bucknell_University/CEEG_445%3A_Environmental_Engineering_Chemistry_(Fall_2020)/03%3A_Thermodynamics/3.05%3A_SpontaneityChemical and physical processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under certain conditions. A spontaneous process occurs without the need for a continual input of energy from some exte...Chemical and physical processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under certain conditions. A spontaneous process occurs without the need for a continual input of energy from some external source, while a nonspontaneous process requires such. Systems undergoing a spontaneous process may or may not experience a gain or loss of energy, but they will experience a change in the way matter and/or energy is distributed within the system.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Courses/Bucknell_University/CEEG_445%3A_Environmental_Engineering_Chemistry_(Fall_2020)/03%3A_Thermodynamics/3.08%3A_Gibbs_EnergyGibbs free energy (G) is a state function defined with regard to system quantities only and may be used to predict the spontaneity of a process. A negative value for ΔG indicates a spontaneous process...Gibbs free energy (G) is a state function defined with regard to system quantities only and may be used to predict the spontaneity of a process. A negative value for ΔG indicates a spontaneous process; a positive ΔG indicates a nonspontaneous process; and a ΔG of zero indicates that the system is at equilibrium. A number of approaches to the computation of free energy changes are possible.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Courses/Bucknell_University/CEEG_445%3A_Environmental_Engineering_Chemistry_(Fall_2020)/03%3A_Thermodynamics/3.02%3A_Energy_BasicsEnergy is the capacity to do work (applying a force to move matter). Heat is energy that is transferred between objects at different temperatures; it flows from a high to a low temperature. Chemical a...Energy is the capacity to do work (applying a force to move matter). Heat is energy that is transferred between objects at different temperatures; it flows from a high to a low temperature. Chemical and physical processes can absorb heat (endothermic) or release heat (exothermic). The SI unit of energy, heat, and work is the joule (J). Specific heat and heat capacity are measures of the energy needed to change the temperature of a substance or object.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Courses/Bucknell_University/CEEG_445%3A_Environmental_Engineering_Chemistry_(Fall_2020)/01%3A_Chemistry_Basics/1.07%3A_Writing_and_Balancing_Chemical_EquationsChemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical and physical changes. Formulas for the substances undergoing the change (reactants) and substances generated by the change (products) are se...Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical and physical changes. Formulas for the substances undergoing the change (reactants) and substances generated by the change (products) are separated by an arrow and preceded by integer coefficients indicating their relative numbers. Balanced equations are those whose coefficients result in equal numbers of atoms for each element in the reactants and products.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Programming_Languages/Python_Programming_(OpenStax)/08%3A__Strings/8.04%3A_String_FormattingThis page provides an overview of string formatting in Python, focusing on the `format()` method for generating formatted strings. It explores template usage with replacement fields, named and numbere...This page provides an overview of string formatting in Python, focusing on the `format()` method for generating formatted strings. It explores template usage with replacement fields, named and numbered arguments, and techniques for aligning outputs. The text includes practical examples for creating personalized messages, formatting tables, and managing numerical formatting with precision and width. It concludes with exercises and challenges to reinforce understanding of the concepts discussed.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Programming_Languages/Python_Programming_(OpenStax)/01%3A_Statements/1.04%3A_String_BasicsThis page presents basic string concepts in Python, including defining strings, using the len() function, and string concatenation. It features examples of valid/invalid strings, practice questions, a...This page presents basic string concepts in Python, including defining strings, using the len() function, and string concatenation. It features examples of valid/invalid strings, practice questions, and user input introductions. Additionally, there are two programming exercises focused on calculating name lengths and formatting greetings with variables.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Programming_Languages/Python_Programming_(OpenStax)/01%3A_Statements/1.03%3A_VariablesThis page explains the basics of variable assignment and usage in Python, highlighting the assignment operator and naming conventions. It advises starting variable names with a letter, avoiding reserv...This page explains the basics of variable assignment and usage in Python, highlighting the assignment operator and naming conventions. It advises starting variable names with a letter, avoiding reserved keywords, and using descriptive names, specifically recommending snake_case for better readability. The text also includes practice questions to help reinforce these concepts.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Programming_Languages/Python_Programming_(OpenStax)/01%3A_Statements/1.00%3A_IntroductionThis page highlights the significance of computers and programming in contemporary life, affecting various sectors such as communication and healthcare. It discusses programming fundamentals, includin...This page highlights the significance of computers and programming in contemporary life, affecting various sectors such as communication and healthcare. It discusses programming fundamentals, including input/output statements, variable assignment, and arithmetic. The chapter also addresses error handling and interpretations, while offering an overview of Python's history and its increasing popularity as a programming language.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Programming_Languages/Python_Programming_(OpenStax)/05%3A_Loops/5.05%3A_Loop_ElseThis page explains the loop else statement, which executes after a loop if it completes without interruption by a break. It demonstrates its application through an example of searching for the number ...This page explains the loop else statement, which executes after a loop if it completes without interruption by a break. It demonstrates its application through an example of searching for the number 10 in a list, conveying different messages based on whether it is found. The section also includes practice problems to enhance understanding, featuring output prediction exercises and a programming task focused on summing numbers less than 10 in a list.
