16.12: Chapter 13
- Page ID
- 117508
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)13.1 Inheritance basics
Doughnut
inherits from Pastry
.
Kitchen
class would contain a Freezer
instance. A has-a relationship is also called a composition.
Goalkeeper
class inherits from the Player
class.
CarryOn
from Luggage
is specified in CarryOn'
s class definition. Ex: class CarryOn(Luggage):
. Instances of a subclass, like CarryOn
, are created like other classes and do not require the base class name.
SubClass
instance has access to func_1()
, inherited from SuperClass
, as well as to func_2()
, a SubClass
method.
SuperClass
instance has access to SuperClass'
s func_1()
but doesn't have access to anything in SubClass
, including func_2()
.
13.2 Attribute access
dev_1
is the second Employee
created. So dev_1
is the second object to call Employee
.__init__()
, and dev_1.e_id
is assigned with 2
.
SubClass'
s __init__()
is not explicitly defined, so SuperClass'
s __init__()
is executed.
dc_1
inherits feat_1
and feat_2
from SuperClass
.
dev_display()
is a Developer
method that accesses dev_1'
s instance attribute lang_xp
.
dev_display()
is a Developer
method. emp_1
is not a Developer
instance, so emp_1
cannot access dev_display()
.
Employee
, the superclass, are accessed the same way as the subclass Developer'
s instance attributes.
13.3 Methods
class ContractTax(Tax):
.
Square
's superclass is Rectangle
. Rectangle
's __init__()
is called on line 6.
super()
.__init__(4)
calls the __init__()
of Rectangle'
s superclass, Polygon
. Control moves to line 3, and num_sides
is initialized with 4
.
5
.
Rectangle'
s __init__()
always calls Polygon'
s __init__()
with num_sides=4
.
print_type()
to be overridden in subclasses of Polygon
.
13.4 Hierarchical inheritance
Class A
is the superclass for Class B
and Class C
.
Developer
and SalesRep
. Developer
and SalesRep
are not directly related.
B(2)
resolves to B(2
, 0), as b_attr
has a default value of 0
. a_attr
is assigned with 2
.
c_inst
has access to C'
s instance attribute, c_attr
, as well the inherited attribute from A
, a_attr
.
D
, which inherits from B
, so d_inst
inherits b_attr
. B
also inherits from A
, so d_inst
inherits d_attr
.
13.5 Multiple inheritance and mixin classes
1
is the argument passed to C'
s __init__()
for a_attr
.
C'
s __init__()
for c_attr
, so c_attr
is assigned with the default value, 20
.
2
maps to b_attr
in B'
s __init__()
.
eat()
only applies to carnivorous plants, which Pitcher
and VenusFlyTrap
represent.
eat()
can be moved into a mixin class included in Pitcher'
s and VenusFlyTrap'
s inheritance list.
"Mixin"
to identify the class's purpose. The final implementation is:
class Plant:
def photosynth(self):
print("Photosynthesizing")
class CarnivMixin:
def eat(self):
print("Eating")
class Rose(Plant):
pass
class Pitcher(Plant, CarnivMixin):
pass
class VenusFlyTrap(Plant, CarnivMixin)
pass