9.6: Key Terms

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3D visualization: a graph or display that shows information plotted along three dimensions, typically referred to as the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis

bar graph: a chart that presents categorical data in a summarized form based on frequency or relative frequency

bin: an interval or range into which data points are grouped; often used to create histograms

binomial distribution: a probability distribution for discrete random variables where there are only two possible outcomes of an experiment

bivariate data: paired data in which each value of one variable is paired with a value of a second variable

boxplot (“box-and-whisker plot”): a graphical display showing the five-number summary for a dataset: the min, first quartile, median, third quartile, and the max

choropleth graph: a graphical display where areas are shaded in proportion to the value of a variable being represented; choropleth maps are typically used to present spatial patterns in geographic regions

correlation heatmap: a visual representation of the correlation matrix that implements color coding to visualize those variables with stronger correlations and those variables with weaker correlations.

data visualization: the use of graphical displays, such as bar charts, histograms, and scatterplots, to help interpret patterns and trends in a dataset

discrete random variable: a random variable where there is only a finite number of values that the variable can take on

five-number summary: a summary of a dataset that includes the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum

geospatial data: data that describes the geographic location, shape, size, and other attributes relative to a location on the Earth's surface

Geospatial Information System (GIS) mapping: a tool for visualizing, analyzing, and interpreting spatial data that makes use of various types of geographical data, such as maps and satellite images

grid heatmap: a graphical representation of data where values are depicted as colors within a grid such as an (x, y) mapping; a grid heatmap is typically used to show correlations between two quantities

histogram: a graphical display of continuous data showing class intervals on the horizontal axis and frequency or relative frequency on the vertical axis

interquartile range (IQR): a number that indicates the spread of the middle half, or middle 50%, of the data; the difference between the third quartile ( $Q_{3}$ ) and the first quartile ( $Q_{1}$ )

line chart: a type of graph that uses lines to connect $(x, y)$ data points

median: the middle value in an ordered dataset

normal distribution: a bell-shaped distribution curve that is used to model many measurements, including IQ scores, salaries, heights, weights, blood pressures, etc.

outliers: data values that are significantly different from the other data values in a dataset

Pareto chart: a type of bar chart where the bars are arranged in order of decreasing height

Poisson distribution: a probability distribution for discrete random variables used to calculate probabilities for a certain number of successes in a specific interval

quartiles: numbers that divide an ordered dataset into quarters; the second quartile is the same as the median

scatterplot (or scatter diagram): a graphical display that shows the relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable

spatial heatmap: a data visualization method used to represent the density or intensity of data points within a geographical area using coloring and shading to represent densities of various attributes

univariate data: observations recorded for a single characteristic or attribute

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