9.6: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 118131
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 3D visualization
- a graph or display that shows information plotted along three dimensions, typically referred to as the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis
- bar graph
- a chart that presents categorical data in a summarized form based on frequency or relative frequency
- bin
- an interval or range into which data points are grouped; often used to create histograms
- binomial distribution
- a probability distribution for discrete random variables where there are only two possible outcomes of an experiment
- bivariate data
- paired data in which each value of one variable is paired with a value of a second variable
- boxplot (“box-and-whisker plot”)
- a graphical display showing the five-number summary for a dataset: the min, first quartile, median, third quartile, and the max
- choropleth graph
- a graphical display where areas are shaded in proportion to the value of a variable being represented; choropleth maps are typically used to present spatial patterns in geographic regions
- correlation heatmap
- a visual representation of the correlation matrix that implements color coding to visualize those variables with stronger correlations and those variables with weaker correlations.
- data visualization
- the use of graphical displays, such as bar charts, histograms, and scatterplots, to help interpret patterns and trends in a dataset
- discrete random variable
- a random variable where there is only a finite number of values that the variable can take on
- five-number summary
- a summary of a dataset that includes the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum
- geospatial data
- data that describes the geographic location, shape, size, and other attributes relative to a location on the Earth's surface
- Geospatial Information System (GIS) mapping
- a tool for visualizing, analyzing, and interpreting spatial data that makes use of various types of geographical data, such as maps and satellite images
- grid heatmap
- a graphical representation of data where values are depicted as colors within a grid such as an (x, y) mapping; a grid heatmap is typically used to show correlations between two quantities
- histogram
- a graphical display of continuous data showing class intervals on the horizontal axis and frequency or relative frequency on the vertical axis
- interquartile range (IQR)
- a number that indicates the spread of the middle half, or middle 50%, of the data; the difference between the third quartile () and the first quartile ()
- line chart
- a type of graph that uses lines to connect data points
- median
- the middle value in an ordered dataset
- normal distribution
- a bell-shaped distribution curve that is used to model many measurements, including IQ scores, salaries, heights, weights, blood pressures, etc.
- outliers
- data values that are significantly different from the other data values in a dataset
- Pareto chart
- a type of bar chart where the bars are arranged in order of decreasing height
- Poisson distribution
- a probability distribution for discrete random variables used to calculate probabilities for a certain number of successes in a specific interval
- quartiles
- numbers that divide an ordered dataset into quarters; the second quartile is the same as the median
- scatterplot (or scatter diagram)
- a graphical display that shows the relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable
- spatial heatmap
- a data visualization method used to represent the density or intensity of data points within a geographical area using coloring and shading to represent densities of various attributes
- univariate data
- observations recorded for a single characteristic or attribute