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13: Physical Constants

Last updated

Mar 22, 2021
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- 12.3: Vector Identities
- Back Matter

$\newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} }$

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$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$ $\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$

( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) $\newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$

$\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$ $\newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$

$\newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$ $\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$

$\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$

$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$

$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$

$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$

$\newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$

$\newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$

$\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$

$\newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$

$\newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$

$\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$

$\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$

$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}$

$\newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow$

$\newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow$

$\newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} }$

$\newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}}$

$\newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}}$

$\newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}}$

$\newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}}$

$\newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} }$

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$\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}$

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$\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}$

$\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}$

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( $c$ ), which is the phase velocity of any electromagnetic radiation in free space, is $\cong 2.9979 \times 10^8$ m/s. This is commonly rounded up to $3 \times 10^8$ m/s. This rounding incurs error of $\cong 0.07$ %, which is usually much less than other errors present in electrical engineering calculations.

is $\cong -1.602 \times 10^{-19}$ C. The constant $e\triangleq +1.602176634 \times 10^{-19}$ C is known as the “elementary charge,” so the charge of the electron is said to be $-e$ .

( $\epsilon_0$ ) is $\cong 8.854 \times 10^{-12}$ F/m.

( $\mu_0$ ) is $4\pi \times 10^{-7}$ H/m.

( $\eta_0$ ) is the ratio of the magnitude of the electric field intensity to that of the magnetic field intensity in free space and is $\sqrt{\mu_0/\epsilon_0}\cong 376.7~\Omega$ . This is also sometimes referred to as the intrinsic impedance of free space.

is $\cong 1.381 \times 10^{-23}$ J/K, the amount of energy associated with a change of one degree of temperature. This is typically assigned the symbol $k$ (unfortunately, the same symbol often used to represent wavenumber).

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