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23.9: Questions

  • Page ID
    32713
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    Quick questions

    You should be able to answer these questions without too much difficulty after studying this TLP. If not, then you should go through it again!

    What type of stress-strain curve does a normal arterial wall show?

    a Hookean
    b S-shaped
    c J-shaped
    Answer

    C

    What type of stress-strain curve does natural rubber show?

    a Hookean
    b S-shaped
    c J-shaped
    Answer

    B

    What type of stress-strain curve do metals at small extensions show?

    a Hookean
    b S-shaped
    c J-shaped
    Answer

    A

    What type of stress-strain curve does bone show?

    a Hookean
    b S-shaped
    c J-shaped
    Answer

    A

    What type of stress-strain curve does skin show?

    a Hookean
    b S-shaped
    c J-shaped
    Answer

    C

    Deeper questions

    The following questions require some thought and reaching the answer may require you to think beyond the contents of this TLP.

    1. Estimate the coefficient of restitution (sometimes known as the resilience) of a human hair using the hysteresis curve below:

      Stress-strain graph showing hysteresis curve for human hair

    Answer

    The area under the loading curve is the work done per unit volume of the stressed material, which is equal to about 166 squares.

    The area under the unloading curve is the recovered work, which is equal to about 72 squares.

    The coefficient of restitution is therefore found by dividing the area under the unloading curve by the area under the loading curve, giving an answer of about 43%.

    Why are hairs used in violin bows?

    Answer

    Hairs are used in violin bows because this low resilience enables the damping of resonances. The desired resonances are in the violin strings!

    A fly of mass 30 mg hits a spider's web at 0.8 m s-1 and is stopped by two capture threads each of diameter 0.7 micrometres and length 5 cm. Calculate the maximum tensile strain in the threads, assuming that the tensile loading curve of the capture threads can be approximated as a straight line with gradient 0.1 GPa.

    Hint: Consider the kinetic energy of the fly and the work done in extending the capture threads.

    Answer

    If the tensile loading curve is linear, then the work done in extending a thread, which is equal to the area under the curve, can be calculated using 0.5 x load x extension, or 0.5 x stress x strain, or 0.5 x Young's modulus x strain2

    At 0.8 m s-1, the kinetic energy of the fly is equal to ½mv2

    = 9.6 x 10-6 J.

    The total volume of the two threads

    = 2 x 0.05 x π(0.35 x 10-6)2
    = 3.85 x 10-14 m3

    Work done per unit volume of thread

    = 9.6 x 10-6/3.85 x 10-14
    = 2.49 x 108 J m-3
    = ½Eε2

    Using the fact that E = 0.1 GPa, ε = 2.23

    (.. continuation from previous question) Given that the coefficient of restitution of a capture thread is 35%, calculate the total energy dissipated in the two threads.

    Answer

    The energy dissipated is 65% of the kinetic energy of the fly = 6.24 x 10-6 J

    (.. continuation from previous question) Since the threads are very thin, this energy would easily be dissipated as heat to the surrounding air. However, supposing that the process is adiabatic (no heat transfer occurs), estimate the temperature rise that would occur. The density of viscid silk is 1500 kg m-3 and the specific heat capacity is 1400 J K-1 kg-1.

    Answer

    The total heat capacity of both threads

    = total volume x density x heat capacity
    = 3.85 x 10-14 x 1500 x 1400 = 8.09 x 10-8 J K-1

    The adiabatic temperature rise would be

    = energy/heat capacity
    = 6.24 x 10-6/8.0 x 10-8
    = 65 K

    (.. continuation from previous question) Comment on the effects of using cables with a large diameter made of viscid silk, for example to decelerate aircraft landing on carriers.

    Answer

    Thick cables made of viscid silk would be unable to dissipate the heat quickly to the surroundings, and very large temperature rises would be seen.


    This page titled 23.9: Questions is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.

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