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- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Aerospace_Engineering/Fundamentals_of_Aerospace_Engineering_(Arnedo)/05%3A_Aircraft_instruments_and_systems/5.01%3A_Aircraft_instruments/5.1.04%3A_Instruments_layoutMost aircraft built since the 50s have four of the flight instruments located in a standardized pattern called the T-arrangement, which has become throughout the years a standard. The attitude indicat...Most aircraft built since the 50s have four of the flight instruments located in a standardized pattern called the T-arrangement, which has become throughout the years a standard. The attitude indicator is at the top center, airspeed indicator to the left, altimeter to the right, and heading indicator below the attitude indicator. In newer aircraft with electronic displays substituting conventional instruments, the layout of the displays conform to the basic T-arrangement.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Aerospace_Engineering/Fundamentals_of_Aerospace_Engineering_(Arnedo)/10%3A_Air_navigation-_ATM/10.02%3A_Air_Navigation_Services/10.2.01%3A_Aeronautical_Information_Services_(AIS)An Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC) is a notice containing information that does not qualify for the origination of a NOTAM or for inclusion in the AIP, but which relates to flight safety, air ...An Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC) is a notice containing information that does not qualify for the origination of a NOTAM or for inclusion in the AIP, but which relates to flight safety, air navigation, technical, administrative or legislative matters.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Aerospace_Engineering/Fundamentals_of_Aerospace_Engineering_(Arnedo)/09%3A_Airports/9.03%3A_Airport_configuration/9.3.04%3A_Airport_servicesVery recently, to facilitate connections with medium distance cities (up to 500-600 [km]), there are projects (if is not a reality already) to incorporate the high speed train in the airport facility,...Very recently, to facilitate connections with medium distance cities (up to 500-600 [km]), there are projects (if is not a reality already) to incorporate the high speed train in the airport facility, connecting big capitals with other important cities. The key of this business is that airports have a captive audience, sometimes with hours of layover in connections, and consequently the prices charged for food are generally much higher than elsewhere in the region.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Aerospace_Engineering/Fundamentals_of_Aerospace_Engineering_(Arnedo)/08%3A_Air_transportation/8.04%3A_Airlines'_cost_structureIt is valuable for measuring the efficiency of the different areas, deciding on new investments, and obviously to set the prices for the supplied products (in the case of airlines, services) is based ...It is valuable for measuring the efficiency of the different areas, deciding on new investments, and obviously to set the prices for the supplied products (in the case of airlines, services) is based on desired profits and estimated forecasts.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Aerospace_Engineering/Fundamentals_of_Aerospace_Engineering_(Arnedo)/13%3A_Hands-on_Laboratories/13.02%3A_Flight_Mechanics_-_Aircraft_motion/13.2.01%3A_Overview_of_BADABADA is a collection of ASCII files, which specifies operation performance parameters and operating procedure parameters for 295 aircraft types. These parameters of aircraft performance and the model ...BADA is a collection of ASCII files, which specifies operation performance parameters and operating procedure parameters for 295 aircraft types. These parameters of aircraft performance and the model is designed for use in trajectory simulation and prediction algorithms within the domain of Air Traffic Management (ATM). User Manual for Revision 3.6 of BADA provides definitions of each of the coefficients and then explains the file formats.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Aerospace_Engineering/Fundamentals_of_Aerospace_Engineering_(Arnedo)/11%3A_Air_navigation-_CNS/11.02%3A_Communication_systems/11.2.01%3A_Aeronautical_Fixed_Service_(AFS)A worldwide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of the aeronautical fixed service, for the exchange of messages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixed stations having the s...A worldwide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of the aeronautical fixed service, for the exchange of messages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixed stations having the same or compatible communications characteristics. In order to create a technological upgrade to cope with the increasing volume of information, the CIDIN was conceived in the 1980’s to replace the core of the AFTN.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Aerospace_Engineering/Fundamentals_of_Aerospace_Engineering_(Arnedo)/01%3A_The_ScopeSecond, the focus is on describing the different aerospace activities, i.e., the industry, the airlines, the military air forces, the infrastructures on earth, the research institutions, the space age...Second, the focus is on describing the different aerospace activities, i.e., the industry, the airlines, the military air forces, the infrastructures on earth, the research institutions, the space agencies, and the international organizations. Last but not least, in the believe that research, development, and innovation is the key element towards the future, an overview of the current aviation research agenda is presented.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Aerospace_Engineering/Fundamentals_of_Aerospace_Engineering_(Arnedo)/05%3A_Aircraft_instruments_and_systems/5.01%3A_Aircraft_instruments/5.1.01%3A_Sources_of_dataThe duple gyroscopes and accelerometer conforms the basis of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), an element used for inertial navigation (to be studied in Chapter 10), i.e., three accelerometers measu...The duple gyroscopes and accelerometer conforms the basis of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), an element used for inertial navigation (to be studied in Chapter 10), i.e., three accelerometers measure the acceleration in the three directions and three gyroscopes measure the angular acceleration in the three axis; with an initial value of position and attitude and via integration, current position, velocity, attitude, and angular velocity can be calculated 1 . Figure 5.5 illustrates it.
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Aerospace_Engineering/Fundamentals_of_Aerospace_Engineering_(Arnedo)/10%3A_Air_navigation-_ATM/10.04%3A_Air_Traffic_Flow_Management_(ATFM)In Europe, it is carried out by Eurocontrol’s CFMU (Central Flow Management Unit), which acts as the coordinator at European level, and the FMP (Flow Management Positions), which are unities stablishe...In Europe, it is carried out by Eurocontrol’s CFMU (Central Flow Management Unit), which acts as the coordinator at European level, and the FMP (Flow Management Positions), which are unities stablished in the control centers to guarantee the fulfilment of ATFM regulations and to monitor the execution of the operation (reporting to CFMU in case of congestion).
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Aerospace_Engineering/Fundamentals_of_Aerospace_Engineering_(Arnedo)/07%3A_Mechanics_of_flight/7.01%3A_Performances/7.1.07%3A_Performances_in_glidingNotice that the load factor and the bank angle are mg inversely proportional, that is, if one increases the other reduces and vice versa, until the bank angle reaches 90∘, where the loa...Notice that the load factor and the bank angle are mg inversely proportional, that is, if one increases the other reduces and vice versa, until the bank angle reaches 90∘, where the load factor is infinity. Notice that the load factor vaires in a sinusoidal way along the loop, reaching a maximum value at the superior point (nmax and a minimum value at the inferior point (n_{\min} = \tfrac{V^2}{gR} - 1).
- https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Aerospace_Engineering/Fundamentals_of_Aerospace_Engineering_(Arnedo)/06%3A_Aircraft_propulsion/6.02%3A_The_jet_engine/6.2.05%3A_TurbineThe turbine is located downstream the combustor and transforms the energy from the hot flow into mechanical work to move the compressor (remember that turbine and compressor are linked by a shaft). Th...The turbine is located downstream the combustor and transforms the energy from the hot flow into mechanical work to move the compressor (remember that turbine and compressor are linked by a shaft). The decrease in pressure through the turbine is quantified with the so-called turbine pressure ratio (TPR), i.e., the ratio of the exiting to the entering air pressure in the turbine.
