7.1: Material Properties
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
MATERIAL | Type | Cost ($/kg) |
Density (ρ,Mg/m3) |
Young's Modulus (E, GPa) |
Shear Modulus (G, GPa) |
Poisson's Ratio (v) | Yield stress (σY, MPa) |
UTS (σf, MPa) |
Breaking strain (ϵf, %) |
Fracture Toughness (Kc,MNm−3/2) |
Thermal Expansion (α,10−6/C) |
Alumina (Al2O3) | ceramic | 1.90 | 3.9 | 390 | 125 | 0.26 | 4800 | 35 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 8.1 |
Aluminum alloy (7075-T6) | metal | 1.80 | 2.7 | 70 | 28 | 0.34 | 500 | 570 | 12 | 28 | 33 |
Beryllium alloy | metal | 315.00 | 2.9 | 245 | 110 | 0.12 | 360 | 500 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 14 |
Bone (compact) | natural | 1.90 | 2.0 | 14 | 3.5 | 0.43 | 100 | 100 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 20 |
Brass (70Cu30Zn, annealed) | metal | 2.20 | 8.4 | 130 | 39 | 0.33 | 75 | 325 | 70.0 | 80 | 20 |
Cermets (Co/WC) | composite | 78.60 | 11.5 | 470 | 200 | 0.30 | 650 | 1200 | 2.5 | 13 | 5.8 |
CFRP Laminate (graphite) | composite | 110.00 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 53 | 0.28 | 200 | 550 | 2.0 | 38 | 12 |
Concrete | ceramic | 0.05 | 2.5 | 48 | 20 | 0.20 | 25 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 0.75 | 11 |
Copper alloys | metal | 2.25 | 8.3 | 135 | 50 | 0.35 | 510 | 720 | 0.3 | 94 | 18 |
Cork | natural | 9.95 | 0.18 | 0.032 | 0.005 | 0.25 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 80 | 0.074 | 180 |
Epoxy thermoset | polymer | 5.50 | 1.2 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 0.25 | 45 | 45 | 4.0 | 0.50 | 60 |
GFRP Laminate (glass) | composite | 3.90 | 1.8 | 26 | 10 | 0.28 | 125 | 530 | 2.0 | 40 | 19 |
Glass (soda) | ceramic | 1.35 | 2.5 | 65 | 26 | 0.23 | 3500 | 35 | 0.0 | 0.71 | 8.8 |
Granite | ceramic | 3.15 | 2.6 | 66 | 26 | 0.25 | 2500 | 60 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 6.5 |
Ice (H2O) | ceramic | 0.23 | 0.92 | 9.1 | 3.6 | 0.28 | 85 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 0.11 | 55 |
Lead alloys | metal | 1.20 | 11.1 | 16 | 5.5 | 0.45 | 33 | 42 | 60 | 40 | 29 |
Nickel alloys | metal | 6.10 | 8.5 | 180 | 70 | 0.31 | 900 | 1200 | 30 | 93 | 13 |
Polyamide (nylon) | polymer | 4.30 | 1.1 | 3.0 | 0.76 | 0.42 | 40 | 55 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 103 |
Polybutadiene elastomer | polymer | 1.20 | 0.91 | 0.0016 | 0.0005 | 0.50 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 500 | 0.087 | 140 |
Polycarbonate | polymer | 4.90 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 0.97 | 0.42 | 70 | 77 | 60 | 2.6 | 70 |
Polyester thermoset | polymer | 3.00 | 1.3 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 0.25 | 50 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 0.70 | 150 |
Polyethylene (HDPE) | polymer | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.7 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 25 | 33 | 90 | 3.5 | 225 |
Polypropylene | polymer | 1.10 | 0.89 | 0.9 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 35 | 45 | 90 | 3.0 | 85 |
Polyurethane elastomer | polymer | 4.00 | 1.2 | 0.025 | 0.0086 | 0.50 | 30 | 30 | 500 | 0.30 | 125 |
Polyvinyl chloride (rigid PVC) | polymer | 1.50 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.42 | 53 | 60 | 50 | 0.54 | 75 |
Silicon | ceramic | 2.35 | 2.3 | 110 | 44 | 0.24 | 3200 | 35 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 6 |
Silicon Carbide (SiC) | ceramic | 36.00 | 2.8 | 450 | 190 | 0.15 | 9800 | 35 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
Spruce (parallel to grain) | natural | 1.00 | 0.60 | 9 | 0.8 | 0.30 | 48 | 50 | 10 | 2.5 | 4 |
Steel, high strength 4340 | metal | 0.25 | 7.8 | 210 | 76 | 0.29 | 1240 | 1550 | 2.5 | 100 | 14 |
Steel, mild 1020 | metal | 0.50 | 7.8 | 210 | 76 | 0.29 | 200 | 380 | 25 | 140 | 14 |
Steel, stainless austenitic 304 | metal | 2.70 | 7.8 | 210 | 76 | 0.28 | 240 | 590 | 60 | 50 | 17 |
Titanium alloy (6Al4V) | metal | 16.25 | 4.5 | 100 | 39 | 0.36 | 910 | 950 | 15 | 85 | 9.4 |
Tungsten Carbide (WC) | ceramic | 50.00 | 15.5 | 550 | 270 | 0.21 | 6800 | 35 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 5.8 |