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• Introductory Engineering
  • Introduction to Engineering
    • EGR 1010: Introduction to Engineering for Engineers and Scientists
      • Front Matter
        • TitlePage
        • InfoPage
        • Table of Contents
      • 1: Preface
        • 1.1: Title Page
        • 1.2: Creative Commons Copyright and the Sources of this Book
        • 1.3: Guide for how to use this book-course
      • 2: Description of topics
      • 3: What we intend to learn here
      • 4: What is engineering? Who are engineers?
      • 5: What is a computer?
      • 6: Understanding (how to investigate on your own)
      • 7: Operating Systems with Brief History
      • 8: Brief History of Popular Programs
      • 9: Programming in any language
      • 10: Parachute Person
      • 11: Historical case studies in Engineering
        • 11.1: First Flight
        • 11.2: The pyramids of Egypt
        • 11.3: Trains, trains, trains
        • 11.4: What are the lessons learned?
      • 12: Case Study on Nanotechnology
      • 13: Student led case study in engineering
        • 13.1: Example case study involving detectors characterization
        • 13.2: Information for example case study involving detector characterization
      • 14: Fundamentals of Engineering
        • 14.1: The importance of Units
        • 14.2: Arithmetic
          • 14.2.1: Powers and Roots
            • 14.2.1.1: Algebraic Expressions and Formulas
            • 14.2.1.2: Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation
            • 14.2.1.3: Roots and Radicals
            • 14.2.1.4: The Binomial Theorem
          • 14.2.2: Partial Fractions
          • 14.2.3: Matrices and how to use them
            • 14.2.3.1: Matrices and Matrix Operations
            • 14.2.3.2: System of equations and Matrices
          • 14.2.4: Combinations and Permutations
          • 14.2.5: Complex Numbers
          • 14.2.6: Sequences and Series
            • 14.2.6.1: Prelude to Sequence and Series
            • 14.2.6.2: Sequences
            • 14.2.6.3: Infinite Series
          • 14.2.7: Power Series
            • 14.2.7.1: Prelude to Power Series
            • 14.2.7.2: Power Series and Functions
            • 14.2.7.3: Taylor and Maclaurin Series
            • 14.2.7.4: Working with Taylor Series
            • 14.2.7.5: Fourier Series and Transform
            • 14.2.7.6: The Laplace Transform
        • 14.3: Geometry
          • 14.3.1: Basic Trigonometry
          • 14.3.2: Trigonometric Functions
          • 14.3.3: Trigonometric Identities
        • 14.4: Analytic Geometry
          • 14.4.1: Circles
          • 14.4.2: The Parabola
          • 14.4.3: The Hyperbola
          • 14.4.4: The Ellipse
          • 14.4.5: Hyperbolic Functions
          • 14.4.6: Coordinate Systems
        • 14.5: Scalars, vectors, and tensors
        • 14.6: Calculus
        • 14.7: Infinitesimal calculus for derivatives
          • 14.7.1: Table of Derivatives
          • 14.7.2: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
          • 14.7.3: Maxima and Minima
          • 14.7.4: Derivatives and the Shape of a Graph
          • 14.7.5: L’Hôpital’s Rule
          • 14.7.6: Newton’s Method
        • 14.8: Infinitesimal Calculus for integration
          • 14.8.1: Table of Integrals
          • 14.8.2: Substitution
          • 14.8.3: Applications of Integration
            • 14.8.3.1: Prelude to Applications of Integration
            • 14.8.3.2: Volumes of Revolution - Cylindrical Shells
            • 14.8.3.3: Arc Length of a Curve and Surface Area
            • 14.8.3.4: Physical Applications of Integration
            • 14.8.3.5: Moments and Centers of Mass
        • 14.9: Statistics and Probability
        • 14.10: Differential equations
          • 14.10.1: First-order Differential Equations
          • 14.10.2: Second-order Differential Equations
        • 14.11: Mechanics
          • 14.11.1: Statics
          • 14.11.2: Dynamics
            • 14.11.2.1: Kinematics
            • 14.11.2.2: Kinetics
          • 14.11.3: Hydraulics
            • 14.11.3.1: Hydrostatics
            • 14.11.3.2: Hydrodynamics
          • 14.11.4: Solid Mechanics
        • 14.12: Thermodynamics (Statistical Physics)
        • 14.13: Electrical Circuits
        • 14.14: Signals and Systems (Control systems)
        • 14.15: Optics
        • 14.16: Chemistry
      • 15: Laboratory Project for Introduction to Engineering
        • 15.1: Laboratory Journal Format
        • 15.2: Laboratory Report Format
        • 15.3: Example of Laboratory Report
        • 15.4: Sketch of how to present data in laboratory (i.e. graph with errors)
      • 16: Beyond the basics of computers
      • 17: Documentation and such
      • 18: Advanced Programming Concepts
        • 18.1: Analysis Methods
        • 18.2: Analysis Techniques for Laboratory
      • 19: Using Computers for Engineering and Science
        • 19.1: Engineering and Science Languages
        • 19.2: Programming Languages for Hardware
      • 20: Program Design Project
      • 21: Ethics and Group Dynamics
        • 21.1: Ethics
        • 21.2: Group Dynamics
      • 22: Storage of tests of Libretext's ability
      • Back Matter
        • Index
        • Glossary
• Aerospace Engineering
  • Aerodynamics and Aircraft Performance (Marchman)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
      • How to Adopt or Adapt this Book
      • Acknowledgments
      • Preface
      • Introduction
    • 1: Introduction to Aerodynamics
    • 2: Propulsion
    • 3: Additional Aerodynamics Tools
    • 4: Performance in Straight and Level Flight
    • 5: Altitude Change - Climb and Guide
    • 6: Range and Endurance
    • 7: Accelerated Performance - Takeoff and Landing
    • 8: Accelerated Performance - Turns
    • 9: The Role of Performance in Aircraft Design - Constraint Analysis
    • 10: Appendix - Airfoil Data
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Fundamentals of Aerospace Engineering (Arnedo)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: The Scope
      • 1.1: Engineering
      • 1.2: Aerospace activity
      • 1.3: Aviation research agenda
        • 1.3.1: Challenges
        • 1.3.2: Clean Sky
        • 1.3.3: SESAR
      • 1.4: References
    • 2: Generalities
      • 2.1: Classification of aerospace vehicles
        • 2.1.1: Fixed wing aircraft
        • 2.1.2: Rotorcraft
        • 2.1.3: Missiles
        • 2.1.4: Space vehicles
      • 2.2: Parts of the aircraft
        • 2.2.1: Fuselage
        • 2.2.2: Wing
        • 2.2.3: Empennage
        • 2.2.4: Main control surfaces
        • 2.2.5: Propulsion plant
      • 2.3: Standard atmosphere
        • 2.3.1: Hypotheses
        • 2.3.2: Fluid-static equation
        • 2.3.3: ISA equations
        • 2.3.4: Warm and cold atmospheres
      • 2.4: System references
      • 2.5: Problems
      • 2.6: References
    • 3: Aerodynamics
      • 3.1: Fundamentals of fluid mechanics
        • 3.1.1: Generalities
        • 3.1.2: Continuity equation
        • 3.1.3: Quantity of movement equation
        • 3.1.4: Viscosity
        • 3.1.5: Speed of sound
      • 3.2: Airfoils shapes
        • 3.2.1: Airfoil Nomenclature
        • 3.2.2: Generation of aerodynamic forces
        • 3.2.3: Aerodynamic dimensionless coefficients
        • 3.2.4: Compressibility and drag-divergence Mach number
      • 3.3: Wing aerodynamics
        • 3.3.1: Geometry and nomenclature
        • 3.3.2: Flow over a finite wing
        • 3.3.3: Lift and induced drag in wings
        • 3.3.4: Characteristic curves in wings
        • 3.3.5: Aerodynamics of wings in compressible and supersonic regimes
      • 3.4: High-lift devices
        • 3.4.1: Necessity of high-lift devices
        • 3.4.2: Types of high-lift devices
        • 3.4.3: Increase in CLmax
      • 3.5: Problems
      • 3.6: References
    • 4: Aircraft structures
      • 4.1: Generalities
      • 4.2: Materials
        • 4.2.1: Properties
        • 4.2.2: Materials in aircraft
      • 4.3: Loads
        • 4.3.1: Fuselage loads
        • 4.3.2: Wing and tail loads
        • 4.3.3: Landing gear loads
        • 4.3.4: Other loads
      • 4.4: Structural components of an aircraft
        • 4.4.1: Structural elements and functions of the fuselage
        • 4.4.2: Structural elements and functions of the wing
        • 4.4.3: Tail
        • 4.4.4: Landing gear
      • 4.5: References
    • 5: Aircraft instruments and systems
      • 5.1: Aircraft instruments
        • 5.1.1: Sources of data
        • 5.1.2: Instruments requirements
        • 5.1.3: Instruments to be installed in an aircraft
        • 5.1.4: Instruments layout
        • 5.1.5: Aircrafts' cockpits
      • 5.2: Aircraft systems
        • 5.2.1: Electrical system
        • 5.2.2: Fuel system
        • 5.2.3: Hydraulic system
        • 5.2.4: Flight control systems- Fly-By-Wire
        • 5.2.5: Air conditioning and pressurisation system
        • 5.2.6: Other systems
      • 5.3: Exercises
      • 5.4: References
    • 6: Aircraft propulsion
      • 6.1: The propeller
        • 6.1.1: Propeller propulsion equations
      • 6.2: The jet engine
        • 6.2.1: Some aspects about thermodynamics
        • 6.2.2: Inlet
        • 6.2.3: Compressor
        • 6.2.4: Combustion chamber
        • 6.2.5: Turbine
        • 6.2.6: Nozzles
      • 6.3: Types of jet engines
        • 6.3.1: Turbojets
        • 6.3.2: Turbofans
        • 6.3.3: Turboprops
        • 6.3.4: After-burning turbojet
      • 6.4: References
    • 7: Mechanics of flight
      • 7.1: Performances
        • 7.1.1: Reference frames
        • 7.1.2: Hypotheses
        • 7.1.3: Aircraft equations of motion
        • 7.1.4: Performances in a steady linear flight
        • 7.1.5: Performances in steady ascent and descent flight
        • 7.1.6: Performances in gliding
        • 7.1.7: Performances in turn maneuvers
        • 7.1.8: Performances in the runway
        • 7.1.9: Range and endurance
        • 7.1.10: Payload-range diagram
      • 7.2: Stability and control
        • 7.2.1: Fundamental of stability
        • 7.2.2: Fundamentals of control
        • 7.2.3: Longitudinal balancing
        • 7.2.4: Longitudinal stability and control
        • 7.2.5: Lateral-directional stability and control
      • 7.3: Problems
      • 7.4: References
    • 8: Air transportation
      • 8.1: Introduction
        • 8.1.1: Definition
        • 8.1.2: History
        • 8.1.3: Facts and Figures
      • 8.2: Regulatory framework
        • 8.2.1: ICAO
        • 8.2.2: IATA
      • 8.3: The market of aircraft for commercial air transportation
        • 8.3.1: Manufacturers in the current market of aircraft
        • 8.3.2: Types of aircraft
        • 8.3.3: New market of aircraft
      • 8.4: Airlines' cost structure
        • 8.4.1: Operational costs
      • 8.5: Environmental impact
        • 8.5.1: Sources of environmental impact
        • 8.5.2: Aircraft operations' environmental fingerprint
    • 9: Airports
      • 9.1: Introduction
        • 9.1.1: Airport designation and naming
        • 9.1.2: The demand of air transportation
      • 9.2: Airport Planning
        • 9.2.1: The master plan
        • 9.2.2: Physical environment of the airport
      • 9.3: Airport configuration
        • 9.3.1: Airport description
        • 9.3.2: The runway
        • 9.3.3: The terminal
        • 9.3.4: Airport services
      • 9.4: Airport operations
        • 9.4.1: Air Traffic Management (ATM) services
        • 9.4.2: Airport navigational aids
        • 9.4.3: Aircraft characteristics related to airport planning
        • 9.4.4: Safety management and environment
      • 9.5: Exercises
    • 10: Air navigation- ATM
      • 10.1: Introduction
        • 10.1.1: Definition
        • 10.1.2: History
      • 10.2: Air Navigation Services
        • 10.2.1: Aeronautical Information Services (AIS)
        • 10.2.2: Meteorological Services (MET)
        • 10.2.3: Air Traffic Management (ATM) services
      • 10.3: Airspace Management (ASM)
        • 10.3.1: ATS routes
        • 10.3.2: Airspace organization in regions and control centers
        • 10.3.3: Restrictions in the airspace
        • 10.3.4: Classification of the airspace according to ICAO
      • 10.4: Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM)
      • 10.5: Air Traffic Services (ATS)
        • 10.5.1: ALS and FIS
        • 10.5.2: Air Traffic Control
      • 10.6: Flight plan
        • 10.6.1: Coordination of slots
        • 10.6.2: Flight Plan Document
        • 10.6.3: Navigation charts
      • 10.7: SESAR concept
      • 10.8: Exercises
    • 11: Air navigation- CNS
      • 11.1: Introduction
      • 11.2: Communication systems
        • 11.2.1: Aeronautical Fixed Service (AFS)
        • 11.2.2: Aeronautical mobile service
      • 11.3: Navigation systems
        • 11.3.1: Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
        • 11.3.2: Autonomous systems
        • 11.3.3: Non autonomous systems
        • 11.3.4: Distance Measurement Equipment (DME)
        • 11.3.5: Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
        • 11.3.6: LORAN-C
        • 11.3.7: Non-Directional Beacon (NDB)-
        • 11.3.8: VOR
        • 11.3.9: MLS
      • 11.4: Surveillance systems
        • 11.4.1: Radar
        • 11.4.2: TCAS
        • 11.4.3: ADSB
      • 11.5: Exercises
    • 12: 6-DOF Equations of Motion
      • 12.1: Reference frames
      • 12.2: Orientation between reference frames
        • 12.2.1: Wind axes-Local horizon orientation
        • 12.2.2: Body axed-Wind axes orientation
      • 12.3: General equations of motion
        • 12.3.1: Dynamic relations
        • 12.3.2: Forces acting on an aircraft
      • 12.4: Point mass model
        • 12.4.1: Dynamic relations
        • 12.4.2: Mass relations
        • 12.4.3: Kinematic relations
        • 12.4.4: Angular kinematic relations
        • 12.4.5: General differential equations system
    • 13: Hands-on Laboratories
      • 13.1: Aerodynamics - Airfoil design
        • 13.1.1: Overview of XFLR5
        • 13.1.2: Airfoil design exercise
        • 13.1.3: Proposed solution
      • 13.2: Flight Mechanics - Aircraft motion
        • 13.2.1: Overview of BADA
        • 13.2.2: Overview of Python
        • 13.2.3: Aircraft motion exercise
        • 13.2.4: Proposed solution
      • 13.3: Flight Plan analysis
        • 13.3.1: Overview of Nest
        • 13.3.2: Part I- Flight Planning
        • 13.3.3: Part II- Nest analysis
        • 13.3.4: Proposed solution
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
• Biological Engineering
  • Bio-Inspired Sensory Systems (Brooks)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
      • Dedication
      • Preface
      • About the Author
    • 1: Introduction
      • 1.1: Relevant terminology and related bio-inspired technologies
      • 1.2: Motivation for this multidisciplinary study
      • 1.3: Academic research activity
      • 1.4: Questions
    • 2: General Concepts from Engineering and Biology
      • 2.1: Relevant Linear Systems Theory
      • 2.2: Sensory Systems and Concepts
      • 2.3: Fundamentals of neuronal processing
      • 2.4: Questions
    • 3: Photo-sensory Systems
      • 3.1: Natural Photo-sensory Systems
      • 3.2: Applications inspired by natural photo-sensory Systems
      • 3.3: Questions
    • 4: Mechano-sensory Systems
      • 4.1: Natural Mechano-sensory Systems
      • 4.2: Applications inspired by natural mechano-sensory Systems
      • 4.3: Questions
    • 5: Chemo-sensory Systems
      • 5.1: Natural Chemo-sensory Systems
      • 5.2: Applications inspired by natural Chemo-sensory Systems
      • 5.3: Questions
    • 6: Appendix
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Alternative Fuels from Biomass Sources (Toraman)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Why Alternative Fuels from Biomass?
      • 1.1: Why Biofuels?
      • 1.2: Increasing Energy Demand
      • 1.3: Problematic Dependence on Foreign Fuel Sources
      • 1.4: Reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission
      • 1.5: Assignments
      • 1.6: Summary and Final Tasks
    • 2: Existing Fossil Fuel Technologies for Transportation
      • 2.1: Chemistry Tutorial
      • 2.2: Refining of Petroleum into Fuels
      • 2.3: Jet Engines
      • 2.4: Diesel Engines
      • 2.5: Assignments
      • 2.6: Summary and Final Tasks
    • 3: Electricity Generation 101
      • 3.1: Basics of Electricity Production from Steam Turbines
      • 3.2: Production of Steam – Plant Design
      • 3.3: Production of Steam - Fuel
      • 3.4: Plant End Systems
      • 3.5: Assignments
      • 3.6: Summary and Final Tasks
    • 4: Use of Biomass in Thermal Technologies
      • 4.1: Wood
      • 4.2: Biomass
      • 4.3: Gasification
      • 4.4: Assignments
      • 4.5: Summary and Final Tasks
    • 5: Biomass Pyrolysis and Pretreatment
      • 5.1: Biomass Pyrolysis
      • 5.2: Biomass Carbohydrate Tutorial
      • 5.3: Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
        • 5.3a: Size Reduction
        • 5.3b: Low pH Methods
        • 5.3c: Neutral pH pretreatment
        • 5.3d: High pH (Alkaline)
        • 5.3e: Organic Solvation Processes
        • 5.3f: Ionic Liquids
        • 5.3g: Biological Pretreatment
        • 5.3h: Summary
      • 5.4: Assignments
      • 5.5: Summary and Final Tasks
    • 6: General Ethanol Production
      • 6.1: Final Project (Biorefinery Project)
      • 6.2: Biochemical Structural Aspects of Lignocellulosic Biomass
        • 6.2a: Starch
        • 6.2b: Cellulose
        • 6.2c: Hemicellulose
        • 6.2d: Lignin
      • 6.3: Enzymatic Biochemistry and Processing
        • 6.3a: The Reaction of Cellulose- Cellulolysis
        • 6.3b: Composition of Enzymes
        • 6.3c: Hemicellulases and Lignin-degrading Enzymes
      • 6.4: Assignments
      • 6.5: Summary and Final Tasks
    • 7: Processing to Produce Ethanol and Butanol from Carbohydrates and Enzymes
      • 7.1: Ethanol Production - General Information
      • 7.2: Sugarcane Ethanol Production
      • 7.3: Ethanol Production from Corn
        • 7.3a: Composition of Corn and Yield of Ethanol from Corn
        • 7.3b: How Corn is Processed to Make Ethanol
      • 7.4: Butanol Production
      • 7.5: Assignments
      • 7.6: Summary and Final Tasks
    • 8: Thermochemical Methods to Produce Biofuels
      • 8.1: Review of Refinery Processing and Chemical Structures for Jet Fuel and Diesel Fuel
      • 8.2: Direction Liquefaction of Biomass
      • 8.3: Bioprocessing to Make Jet Fuel
      • 8.4: Natural Gas and Synthetic Natural Gas as Feedstocks for Liquid Fuels
      • 8.5: Fischer-Tropsch Process to Generate Liquid Fuels
      • 8.6: Assignments
      • 8.7: Summary and Final Tasks
    • 9: Biodiesel Production
      • 9.1: Terminology for Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats
      • 9.2: The Reaction of Biodiesel- Transesterification
      • 9.3: Various Processes Used to Make Biodiesel
      • 9.4: Biodiesel Properties and Specifications
      • 9.5: Assignments
      • 9.6: Summary and Final Tasks
    • 10: Algae as a Source for Fuels
      • 10.1: Introduction
      • 10.2: What are Algae?
      • 10.3: Algae Growth and Reaction Conditions
      • 10.4: Design of Algae Farms
      • 10.5: Algae Harvesting and Separation Technologies
      • 10.6: Assignments
      • 10.7: Summary and Final Tasks
    • 11: Economics of Biomass Production – Ethanol, Butanol, and Biodiesel
      • 11.1: Background for Economic Evaluation of Biofuel Use
      • 11.2: Ethanol Production and Economics
      • 11.3: Economics of Butanol Production
      • 11.4: Economics of Biodiesel Production, Including Economics of Algae
      • 11.5: Assignments
      • 11.6: Summary and Final Tasks
    • 12: Additional Processes for Fuels from Biomass
      • 12.1: Anaerobic Digestion
      • 12.2: Syngas Fermentation
      • 12.3: Microbial Fuel Cells
      • 12.4: Final Thoughts on the Use of Biomass for Fuel Generation
      • 12.5: Assignments
      • 12.6: Summary and Final Tasks
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Introduction to Biosystems Engineering (Holden et al.)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
      • Title Page II
      • InfoPage II
      • Preface
      • Editorial Team
    • 1: Energy Systems
      • 1.1: Bioenergy Conversion Systems
      • 1.2: Biogas Energy from Organic Wastes
      • 1.3: Biodiesel from Oils and Fats
      • 1.4: Baling Biomass- Densification and Energy Requirements
    • 2: Information Technology, Sensors and Control Systems
      • 2.1: Basic Microcontroller Use for Measurement and Control
      • 2.2: Visible and Near Infrared Optical Spectroscopic Sensors for Biosystems Engineering
      • 2.3: Data Processing in Biosystems Engineering
    • 3: Machinery Systems
      • 3.1: Traction
      • 3.2: Crop Establishment and Protection
      • 3.3: Grain Harvest and Handling
      • 3.4: Mechatronics and Intelligent Systems in Agricultural Machinery
    • 4: Natural Resources and Environmental Systems
      • 4.1: Water Budgets for Sustainable Water Management
      • 4.2: Water Quality as a Driver of Ecological System Health
      • 4.3: Quantifying and Managing Soil Erosion on Cropland
      • 4.4: Anaerobic Digestion of Agri-Food By-Products
      • 4.5: Measurement of Gaseous Emissions from Animal Housing
    • 5: Plant, Animal and Facility Systems
      • 5.1: Plant Production in Controlled Environments
      • 5.2: Building Design for Energy Efficient Livestock Housing
    • 6: Processing Systems
      • 6.1: Freezing of Food
      • 6.2: Principles of Thermal Processing of Packaged Foods
      • 6.3: Deep Fat Frying of Food
      • 6.4: Irradiation of Food
      • 6.5: Packaging
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Food and the Future Environment (Karsten and Vanek)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • About the Authors
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Introduction
      • 1: Introduction
        • 1.1: The Future of Food- Course Overview
          • 1.1.1: 1 Food, Society, and the Environment- Coupled Human-Natural Systems
          • 1.1.2: 2 Guided Introductory Reading- Why Environment and Food?
          • 1.1.3: 3 Drastic Impacts of Food Production on Planet Earth- The Anthropocene
          • 1.1.4: 4 Sustainability- Environments, Communities, and Economics
          • 1.1.5: 5 Increasing Interest in Food Systems and Sustainability
          • 1.1.6: Formative Assessment- Environment and Food Issues
        • 1.2: Food Systems Combine Natural and Human Systems
          • 1.2.1: 1 The Systems Concept
          • 1.2.2: 2 Complex Systems Behavior- An Example from India
          • 1.2.3: 3 Food Systems as Human-Natural Systems
          • 1.2.4: Summative Assessment- Concept Mapping and Assessment of Food Systems
            • 1.2.4.1: 1. Pennsylvania Dairy Sector- National to Global Scale - Option 1
            • 1.2.4.2: 2. Colorado Feedlot Beef Production- National to Global - Option 2
            • 1.2.4.3: 3. Asparagus Production in Peru- National to Global - Option 3
            • 1.2.4.4: 4. New York City Green Markets- Local to Regional - Option 1
            • 1.2.4.5: 5. Diversified Smallholder Production in the Peruvian Andes- Local to Regional - Option 2
        • 1.3: Summary and Final Tasks
      • 2: Capstone Project Overview
        • 2.1: Capstone Project Stage 1 Assignment
      • 3: Geographic and Historical Context
        • 3.1: Origin of Farming as Coevolution and Coupled Human-Nature Interactions
          • 3.1.1: 1 Early Hunter-Gatherer Modifications of Environment for Food
          • 3.1.2: 2 The Nature and Timing of Agricultural Domestication- Global Patterns
          • 3.1.3: 3 Geographical Sites and Ecological Components of Agricultural Domestication
          • 3.1.4: 4 Explaining Domestication using Coupled Human-Natural Systems (CHNS)
        • 3.2: Historical Development and Change in Food Systems
          • 3.2.1: 1 From the Origins of Agriculture to Challenges and Opportunities for the Future of Food
          • 3.2.2: 2 Period 1- Domestication, Early Farming, and Widespread Impacts (10,000 BP - 4,000 BP)
          • 3.2.3: 3 Period 2- Independent States, World Trade, and Global Colonial Empires (3,000 BP - 1800/1900 CE)
          • 3.2.4: 4 Period 3- Modern Industrial Agriculture (1800/1900 CE - Present)
          • 3.2.5: 5 Period 4- Sustainability Movements Towards the Future of Food- Quasi-Parallel Ecological Modernization and Alternative Food Networks (2000-Present)
          • 3.2.6: Summative Assessment- Drivers and Feedbacks in the Development of Food Systems
        • 3.3: Summary and Final Tasks
      • 4: Diet and Nutrition
        • 4.1: Diet and Nutrition Basics for Global Food Systems
          • 4.1.1: 1 Energy Sources in Foods- Carbohydrates, Fat, and Protein
          • 4.1.2: 2 Protein and Amino Acids- Building Blocks
          • 4.1.3: 3 Vitamins and Minerals- Growth, Illness Prevention, and Proper Function
          • 4.1.4: 4 High-Quality Fats and Shifting Paradigms Around Fat in Diets
          • 4.1.5: 5 Dietary Fiber and Microbes in the Human Gut
          • 4.1.6: Formative Assessment- Using a Diet Assessment Tool
        • 4.2: Food System Issues for Nutrition
          • 4.2.1: 1 Malnutrition (Undernutrition) Among Poor and Vulnerable Populations
          • 4.2.2: 2 "Diseases of Affluence"- Not Just for the Affluent
          • 4.2.3: 3 Human System Factors in Nutrition- Challenges in the Globalized Food System
          • 4.2.4: 4 Local and Alternative/Organic Foods and Food System Challenges
          • 4.2.5: 5 The "Happy Medium" in Nutrition and Diets
        • 4.3: Summary and Final Tasks
        • 4.4: Summative Assessment- Food Access and Food Deserts
    • 2: Environmental Dynamics and Drivers
      • 5: Food and Water
        • 5.1: Water resources and Food Production
          • 5.1.1: Evaporation and Climate
          • 5.1.2: Water is Essential for Food Production
          • 5.1.3: Evapotranspiration and Crop Water Use
          • 5.1.4: Water Sources for Crops
          • 5.1.5: Irrigation Efficiency
          • 5.1.6: Virtual Water
          • 5.1.7: Formative Assessment - Turning Water into Food
        • 5.2: Impacts of Food Production on Water Resources
          • 5.2.1: Impacts of Surface Water Withdrawals for Irrigation
          • 5.2.2: Impacts of Groundwater Withdrawals for Irrigation
          • 5.2.3: Water Quality Impacts
          • 5.2.4: Colorado River Case Study
          • 5.2.5: Mississippi River Case Study
          • 5.2.6: Managing Runoff to Reduce the Dead Zone
        • 5.3: Summary and Final Tasks
        • 5.4: Summative Assessment- Kansas Farm Case Study
      • 6: Soils as a Key Resource for Food Systems
        • 6.1: Soil Basics
          • 6.1.1: What is Soil?
          • 6.1.2: Soils Support Plant Growth and Food Production
          • 6.1.3: Soil Formation and Geography
          • 6.1.4: Soil Properties and Human Responses to Boost Food Production
          • 6.1.5: Understanding Soil Maps at a Broad Global Level
          • 6.1.6: Formative Assessment- Mapping Trends in Soil Properties
        • 6.2: Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus- Human Management of Key Nutrients
          • 6.2.1: What is Nutrient Cycling?
          • 6.2.2: Soil Depletion and Regeneration- Human Management of Nutrients in Soils
          • 6.2.3: Depletion and Regeneration of Soil Organic Matter
          • 6.2.4: The Nitrogen Cycle and Human Management of Soils
          • 6.2.5: The Phosphorus Cycle and Human Management of Soils
          • 6.2.6: Soil Nutrients- Human Systems Aspects
        • 6.3: Summary and Final Tasks
        • 6.4: Summative Assessment- N and P Balances
      • 7: Crops
        • 7.1: Crop Life Cycles and Environments
          • 7.1.1: 1 Plant Life Histories
          • 7.1.2: 2 Annuals
          • 7.1.3: 3 Perennials
          • 7.1.4: 4 Crop Life Cycles and Environments
          • 7.1.5: 5 Perennials and Soil Conservation
        • 7.2: Crop Plant Characteristic Classification and Climatic Adaptations
          • 7.2.1: 1 Plant Families
          • 7.2.2: 2 Plant Classification Systems and Physiological Processes
          • 7.2.3: 3 C3 and C4 Photosynthesis
          • 7.2.4: Agricultural Crops Case Studies
            • 7.2.4.1: Corn (Maize) Case Study
            • 7.2.4.2: Sugarcane Case Study
        • 7.3: Summary and Final Tasks
        • 7.4: Summative Assessment- Top 15 World Agricultural Commodities
      • 8: Capstone Project Stage 2 Assignment
    • 3: Systems Approaches to Managing our Food Systems
      • 9: Soils and a Systems Approach to Soil Quality
        • 9.1: Cropping Systems and Soil Quality
          • 9.1.1: Cropping Systems
          • 9.1.2: Intercrops and Cover Crops
          • 9.1.3: Soil Quality, Soil Health
        • 9.2: Conservation Agriculture- A Systems Approach
          • 9.2.1: 1 Tillage Impacts on Soil Health
          • 9.2.2: 2 Tillage Systems
          • 9.2.3: 3 Continuous Cover Through Crop Management
          • 9.2.4: 4 Conservation Agriculture in Brazil Case Study
        • 9.3: Summary and Final Tasks
      • 10: Pests and Integrated Pest Management
        • 10.1: Insects and Integrated Pest Management
          • 10.1.1: 1 Natural Ecosystem and Agroecosystem Comparison
          • 10.1.2: 2 Insects
          • 10.1.3: 3 Pest Management
          • 10.1.4: 4 Understanding Economic Thresholds
          • 10.1.5: Formative Assessment- Australian Grain Crop IPM and Determining the Economic Threshold of Potato Leafhoppers in Alfalfa
        • 10.2: Weeds, Transgenic Crops for Pest Management, and Pathogens
          • 10.2.1: 1 Weeds
          • 10.2.2: 2 Weed Survival Characteristics
          • 10.2.3: 3 Herbicide Resistance
          • 10.2.4: 4 Transgenic Crops for Pest Control
          • 10.2.5: 5 Insect Resistant Bt Crops
          • 10.2.6: 6 Herbicide Resistant Crops
          • 10.2.7: 7 Plant Pathogens
          • 10.2.8: Summative Assessment- Herbicide Resistant Weed Interpretation and Management of Multiple Pest Types
        • 10.3: Summary and Final Tasks
      • 11: Food and Climate Change
        • 11.1: Understanding Global Climate Change and Food Systems
          • 11.1.1: Introduction
          • 11.1.2: Understanding the Science of Climate Change
          • 11.1.3: Climate is Already Changing
          • 11.1.4: Projected Climate Changes
          • 11.1.5: The Role of Our Food Systems in Climate Change
        • 11.2: Food Production in a Changing Climate
          • 11.2.1: Climate Variables that Affect Agriculture
          • 11.2.2: Direct Effects of Climate Change on Crops
          • 11.2.3: Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Plants
          • 11.2.4: How Farmers Adapt to Climate Change
          • 11.2.5: Climate Change in the Coupled Human-Natural System
        • 11.3: Summary and Final Tasks
        • 11.4: Summative Assessment- Climate Change Predictions in your Capstone Region
      • 12: Capstone Project Stage 3 Assignment
    • 4: Food Systems and Sustainability
      • 13: Food Systems
        • 13.1: Food Systems
          • 13.1.1: Introductory Video on Food Systems
          • 13.1.2: Food Systems- Environments, Production, Distribution, and Household Utilization of Food
          • 13.1.3: Spatial Scale and Typologies of Food Systems
          • 13.1.4: The Globalized Corporate Food System
          • 13.1.5: Smallholder Farmer Food Systems
          • 13.1.6: Alternative Food Systems- Global and Local Variants
          • 13.1.7: Challenges to Producers- Sustainability and "Poverty Traps"
          • 13.1.8: Challenges to Producers- Sustainability and "Agriculture of the Middle" in Globalized Food System
          • 13.1.9: Food Systems as Coupled Natural-Human Systems
          • 13.1.10: Divergence and Transition of Food Systems- Human-Natural Interactions
        • 13.2: Assessing Food System Impacts on Natural Systems and Sustainability
          • 13.2.1: Earth System Impacts and Energy Use by the Food System
          • 13.2.2: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)- Measuring the Impacts of Systems in Multi-part Processes
          • 13.2.3: Using LCAs, Part One- Comparing Costs and Impacts
          • 13.2.4: Using LCAs, Part Two- Assessing Hot Spots
          • 13.2.5: Summative Assessment- Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Energy Use in Potato Production in Smallholder Andean and North American Production Systems
            • 13.2.5.1: Description of the LCA Exercise
            • 13.2.5.2: Complete the Excel Spreadsheet
            • 13.2.5.3: Discussion and Analysis
        • 13.3: Summary and Final Tasks
      • 14: Human-Environment Interactions
        • 14.1: Resilience, Adaptive Capacity, and Vulnerability (RACV)- Agrobiodiversity and Seed Systems
          • 14.1.1: Perturbations and Shocks in Agri-Food Systems
          • 14.1.2: Defining Resilience, Adaptive Capacity, and Vulnerability
          • 14.1.3: Agrobiodiversity- Biological Diversity and Associated Human Capacity in Agro-food Systems
        • 14.2: Food Access and Food Insecurity
          • 14.2.1: Introduction to Food Access, Food Security, and Food-Insecure Conditions
          • 14.2.2: Global Overview of Food Insecurity- Food Deficit Map and Required Readings
          • 14.2.3: Food Shortages, Chronic Malnutrition, and Famine- Coupled Human-Natural Systems Aspects
          • 14.2.4: Summative Assessment- Anatomy of a Somali Famine (2010-2012)
        • 14.3: Summary and Final Tasks
      • 15: Capstone Project Stage 4 Assignment
      • 16: Capstone Project Stage 5
        • 16.1: Capstone Project Stage 1
        • 16.2: Capstone Project Stage 2
        • 16.3: Capstone Project Stage 3
        • 16.4: Capstone Project Stage 4
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
• Chemical Engineering
  • Supplemental Modules (Chemical Engineering)
    • Chlorosilane Chemistry
      • Elemental Silicon
      • Silicon-Carbon-Chlorine molecules
      • Silicon-Carbon-Oxygen molecules
      • Silicon-Chlorine Bonded Molecules
      • Silicon-Oxygen Bonded Molecules
  • Material Balances for Chemical Engineers (Cerro, Higgins, and Whitaker)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
      • About the Book
      • Preface
    • 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering
      • 1.1: Introduction
      • 1.2: Analysis versus Design
      • 1.3: Representation of Chemical Processes
      • 1.4: Problems
    • 2: Units
      • 2.1: International System of Units
      • 2.2: Derived Units
      • 2.3: Dimensionally Correct and Dimensionally Incorrect Equations
      • 2.4: Convenience Units
      • 2.5: Array Operations
      • 2.6: Matrix Operations
      • 2.7: Problems
    • 3: Conservation of Mass for Single Component Systems
      • 3.1: Introduction to Two-Phase Equilibria
      • 3.2: Closed and Open Systems
      • 3.3: Mass Flow Rates at Entrances and Exits
      • 3.4: Moving Control Volumes
      • 3.5: Problems
    • 4: Multicomponent Systems
      • 4.1: Axioms for the Mass of Multicomponent Systems
      • 4.2: Species Mass Density
      • 4.3: Species Velocity
      • 4.4: Measures of Velocity
      • 4.5: Molar Flow Rates at Entrances and Exits
      • 4.6: Alternate Flow Rates
      • 4.7: Species Mole/Mass Balance
      • 4.8: Multiple Units
      • 4.9: Matrix Algebra
      • 4.10: Problems
    • 5: Two-Phase Systems and Equibrium Stages
      • 5.1: Introduction
      • 5.2: Ideal Gas Behavior
      • 5.3: Liquid Properties and Liquid Mixtures
      • 5.4: Vapor Pressure of Liquids
      • 5.5: Saturation, Dew Point and Bubble Point of Liquid Mixtures
      • 5.6: Equilibrium Stages
      • 5.7: Continuous Equilibrium Stage Processes
      • 5.8: Problems
    • 6: Stoichiometry
      • 6.1: Chemical Reactions
      • 6.2: Conservation of Atomic Species
      • 6.3: Pivots and Non-Pivots
      • 6.4: Axioms and Theorems
      • 6.5: Problems
    • 7: Material Balances for Complex Systems
      • 7.1: Introduction to Material Balances for Complex Systems
      • 7.2: Multiple Reactions - Conversion, Selectivity and Yield
      • 7.3: Combustion Reactions
      • 7.4: Recycle Systems
      • 7.5: Sequential Analysis for Recycle Systems
      • 7.6: Problems
    • 8: Transient Mass Balances
      • 8.1: Perfectly Mixed Stirred Tank
      • 8.2: Batch Reactor
      • 8.3: Definition of Reaction Rate
      • 8.4: Biomass Production
      • 8.5: Batch Distillation
      • 8.6: Problems
    • 9: Reaction Kinetics
      • 9.1: Chemical Kinetics
      • 9.2: Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
      • 9.3: Mechanistic Matrix
      • 9.4: Two Matrices
      • 9.5: Problems
    • 10: Appendices
      • 10.1: Appendix A
      • 10.2: Appendix B - Iteration Methods
      • 10.3: Appendix C - Matrices and Stoichiometric Schemata
      • 10.4: Appendix D - Atomic Species Balance
      • 10.5: Appendix E - Conservation of Charge
      • 10.6: Appendix F - Heterogeneous Reactions
      • 10.7: Nomenclature
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Phase Relations in Reservoir Engineering (Adewumi)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Introduction and Purpose
      • 1.1: Introduction
      • 1.2: Why Study Phase Behavior?
      • 1.3: Summary
      • 1.4: Action Item
    • 2: Phase Diagrams I
      • 2.1: Introduction
      • 2.2: Pure-component Systems
      • 2.3: Action Item
    • 3: Phase Diagrams II
      • 3.1: Vapor Pressure Curve
      • 3.2: PV Diagram for Pure Systems
      • 3.3: Action Item
    • 4: Phase Diagrams III
      • 4.1: Binary Systems
      • 4.2: Retrograde Phenomenon
      • 4.3: Action Item
    • 5: Phase Diagrams IV
      • 5.1: Effect of Composition on Phase Behavior
      • 5.2: Px and Tx Diagrams
      • 5.3: The Lever Rule
      • 5.4: Ternary Systems
      • 5.5: Multicomponent Mixtures
      • 5.6: Action Item
    • 6: PT Behavior and Equations of State (EOS) I
      • 6.1: Introduction
      • 6.2: P-V-T Behavior
      • 6.3: Ideal Behavior
      • 6.4: Real Gases
      • 6.5: Summary
      • 6.6: Action Item
    • 7: PT Behavior and Equations of State (EOS) II
      • 7.1: Z-Factor
      • 7.2: Definition of Equation of State (EOS)
      • 7.3: Purpose and Historical Development
      • 7.4: The van der Waals Equation
      • 7.5: Action Item
    • 8: PT Behavior and Equations of State III
      • 8.1: Principle of Corresponding States (PCS)
      • 8.2: Acentric Factor and Corresponding States
      • 8.3: Action Item
    • 9: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior I
      • 9.1: Introduction
      • 9.2: The Cubic Behavior
      • 9.3: Implications of S-shaped curve (Sub-critical Conditions)
      • 9.4: Action Item
    • 10: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior II
      • 10.1: Multiple Roots and Cubic Behavior
      • 10.2: Modern Cubic EOS
      • 10.3: Redlich-Kwong EOS (1949)
      • 10.4: Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS (1972)
      • 10.5: Action Item
    • 11: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior III
      • 11.1: Peng-Robinson EOS (1976)
      • 11.2: Comparative Assessment of RK, SRK, and PR EOS
      • 11.3: Critical Compressibility as a Measure of Goodness of an EOS
      • 11.4: Advantages of Using Cubic Equations of State
      • 11.5: Solution Techniques for Cubic Expressions and Root Finding
      • 11.6: Action Item
    • 12: Elementary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium I
      • 12.1: Introduction
      • 12.2: Types of VLE Problems
      • 12.3: Formulation of the VLE Problem
      • 12.4: Action Item
    • 13: Elementary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium II
      • 13.1: Analysis of Objective Functions
      • 13.2: Objective Function and Newton-Raphson Procedure
      • 13.3: Do We Really Know Ki
      • 13.4: Action Item
    • 14: Thermodynamic Tools I
      • 14.1: Introduction
      • 14.2: Basic Definitions
      • 14.3: Thermodynamics of Systems of Constant Composition (Closed Systems)
      • 14.4: Functions of State or State Functions
      • 14.5: Mechanics of Manipulating a Function of State
      • 14.6: Computing Property Changes in Closed Systems
      • 14.7: Action Item
    • 15: Thermodynamic Tools II
      • 15.1: Homogeneous Functions, Euler's Theorem and Partial Molar Quantities
      • 15.2: Thermodynamics of Systems of Variable Composition (Open Multicomponent Systems)
      • 15.3: Action Item
    • 16: Thermodynamic Tools III
      • 16.1: The Chemical Potentials
      • 16.2: The Thermodynamic Concept of Equilibrium
      • 16.3: Fugacity
      • 16.4: Expressions for Fugacity Calculation
      • 16.5: Cubic EOS Fugacity Expressions
      • 16.6: Action Item
    • 17: Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium via EOS
      • 17.1: Introduction
      • 17.2: Equilibrium and Equilibrium Ratios (Ki)
      • 17.3: Solution Algorithms for VLE Problems
      • 17.4: Successive Substitution Method (SSM)
      • 17.5: The Accelerated Successive Substitution Method (ASSM)
      • 17.6: The Stability Criteria
      • 17.7: Action Item
    • 18: Properties of Natural Gas and Condensates I
      • 18.1: Molecular Weight
      • 18.2: Density
      • 18.3: Specific Gravity
      • 18.4: API Gravity
      • 18.5: Volumetric Factors (Bo and Bg)
      • 18.6: Isothermal Compressibilities
      • 18.7: Surface Tension
      • 18.8: Action Item
    • 19: Properties of Natural Gas and Condensates II
      • 19.1: Heat Capacities
      • 19.2: Joule-Thomson Coefficient
      • 19.3: Viscosity
      • 19.4: Action Item
    • 20: Engineering Applications I
      • 20.1: Introduction- Phase Behavior as the Quintessential Tool
      • 20.2: Design and Optimization of Separators
      • 20.3: Compositional Modeling of Gas-Condensate Reservoirs-The Zero-dimensional Approach
      • 20.4: Action Item
    • 21: Engineering Applications II
      • 21.1: Natural Gas Pipeline Modeling
      • 21.2: The Hydrate Problem
      • 21.3: Gas Metering
      • 21.4: Action Item
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Distillation Science (Coleman)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Overview
    • 2: Vapor Pressure
    • 3: Critical Properties and Acentric Factor
    • 4: New Vapor Pressure Equation
    • 5: Equation of State
    • 6: Fugacity
    • 7: Liquid Activity Coefficients
    • 8: VLE Analysis Methods
    • 9: Putting It All Together
    • 10: Convergence Strategy
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
• Civil Engineering
  • Book: Structural Analysis (Udoeyo)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • 15: Copyright
      • Table of Contents
      • 15: Dedication
    • 1: Chapters
      • 1.1: Introduction to Structural Analysis
      • 1.2: Structural Loads and Loading System
      • 1.3: Equilibrium Structures, Support Reactions, Determinacy and Stability of Beams and Frames
      • 1.4: Internal Forces in Beams and Frames
      • 1.5: Internal Forces in Plane Trusses
      • 1.6: Arches and Cables
      • 1.7: Deflection of Beams- Geometric Methods
      • 1.8: Deflections of Structures- Work-Energy Methods
      • 1.9: Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures
      • 1.10: Force Method of Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
      • 1.11: Slope-Deflection Method of Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
      • 1.12: Moment Distribution Method of Analysis of Structures
      • 1.13: Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Structures
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Book: Building Information - Representation and Management - Fundamentals and Principles (Koutamanis)
    • Front Matter
      • InfoPage
      • TitlePage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Digitization
      • 1.1: Digital Information
    • 2: Building Representation
      • 2.1: Representation
      • 2.2: Analogue representations
      • 2.3: Building representations in BIM
    • 3: Information - Theory and Management
      • 3.1: Data and information
      • 3.2: Information Management
      • 3.3: Process and Information
    • 4: Exercises
      • 4.1: Key Concepts
      • 4.2: Exercise I- maintenance
      • 4.3: Exercise II- change management
      • 4.4: Exercise III- circular energy transition
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Fundamentals of Transportation
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
      • About the Authors
    • 1: Introduction and Planning
      • 1.1: Fundamentals of Transportation/Introduction
      • 1.2: Fundamentals of Transportation and Decision Making
      • 1.3: Evaluation
    • 2: Planning Models
      • 2.1: Modeling
      • 2.2: Data
      • 2.3: Networks
      • 2.4: Modes
    • 3: Modeling Methods
      • 3.1: Agent-based Modeling
      • 3.2: Choice Modeling
      • 3.3: Land Use Forecasting
      • 3.4: Trip Generation
      • 3.5: Destination Choice
      • 3.6: 3-6 Route Choice
    • 4: Transit
      • 4.1: Transit Demand
      • 4.2: Transit Operations and Capacity
      • 4.3: Network Design and Frequency
      • 4.4: Timetabling and Scheduling
      • 4.5: Traveler Information for Transit
    • 5: Traffic
      • 5.1: Queueing
      • 5.2: Traffic Flow
      • 5.3: Queueing and Traffic Flow
    • 6: Traffice Control
      • 6.1: Shockwaves
      • 6.2: Traffic Signals
      • 6.3: Traffic Control Devices
      • 6.4: Metering and Analogs
    • 7: Geometric Design
      • 7.1: Sight Distance
      • 7.2: Grade
      • 7.3: Earthwork
      • 7.4: Horizontal Curves
      • 7.5: Vertical Curves
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Book: Introduction to Design Equity (Miller)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
      • Acknowledgements and Dedication
    • Chapters
      • Front Matter
        • TitlePage
        • InfoPage
        • Table of Contents
      • 1.1: Introduction
      • 1.2: Learning to Talk about Racism
      • 1.3: Why History Matters to Design Equity
      • 1.4: Health Equity and the Built Environment
      • 1.5: Transportation Equity
      • 1.6: Information Equity
      • 1.7: What is Design Thinking and What does it have to do with Equity?
      • 1.8: Discipline-Specific Professional Design Processes and Equity
      • Back Matter
        • Index
        • Glossary
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Book: The Delft Sand, Clay and Rock Cutting Model (Miedema)
    • Front Matter
      • InfoPage
      • About the Author
      • Preface
      • Table of Contents
      • Old TitlePage
    • 1: Introduction
      • 1.1: Approach
    • 2: Basic Soil Mechanics
      • 2.1: Introduction
      • 2.2: Soil Mechanics
      • 2.3: Soils
      • 2.4: Soil Mechanical Parameters
      • 2.5: Criteria and Concepts
      • 2.6: Soil Mechanical Tests
      • 2.7: Nomenclature
      • 2.8: The Mohr Circle
      • 2.9: Active Soil Failure
      • 2.10: Passive Soil Failure
      • 2.11: Summary
      • 2.12: Shear Strength versus Friction
      • 2.13: Nomenclature
    • 3: The General Cutting Process
      • 3.1: Cutting Mechanisms
      • 3.2: Definitions
      • 3.3: The Flow, Shear, and Crushed Type
      • 3.4: The Curling Type
      • 3.5: The Tear Type and Chip Type
      • 3.6: The Snow Plough Effect
      • 3.7: Example Program in Visual Basic 6
      • 3.8: Finding the Shear Angle
      • 3.9: Specific Cutting Energy Esp
      • 3.10: Nomenclature
    • 4: Which Cutting Mechanism for Which Kind of Soil?
      • 4.1: Cutting Dry Sand
      • 4.2: Cutting Water Saturated Sand
      • 4.3: Cutting Clay
      • 4.4: Cutting Rock Atmospheric
      • 4.5: Cutting Rock Hyperbaric
      • 4.6: Summary
      • 4.7: Nomenclature
    • 5: Dry Sand Cutting
      • 5.1: Introduction
      • 5.2: Definitions
      • 5.3: The Equilibrium of Forces
      • 5.4: An Alternative Shape of the Layer Cut
      • 5.5: The Influence of Inertial Forces
      • 5.6: Specific Energy
      • 5.7: Usage of the Model for Dry Sand
      • 5.8: Experiments in Dry Sand
      • 5.9: Nomenclature
    • 6: Saturated Sand Cutting
      • 6.1: Introduction
      • 6.2: Definitions
      • 6.3: Cutting Theory Literature
      • 6.4: The Equilibrium of Forces
      • 6.5: Determination of the Pore Pressures
      • 6.6: Numerical Water Pore Pressure Calculations
      • 6.7: The Blade Tip Problem
      • 6.8: Analytical and Numerical Water Pore Pressure Calculations
      • 6.9: Determination of the Shear Angle β
      • 6.10: The Coefficients a1 and a2
      • 6.11: Determination of the Coefficients c1, c2, d1 and d2
      • 6.12: Specific Cutting Energy
      • 6.13: Experiments
      • 6.14: General Conclusions
      • 6.15: The Snow Plough Effect
      • 6.16: Nomenclature
    • 7: Clay Cutting
      • 7.1: Definitions
      • 7.2: Introduction
      • 7.3: The Influence of Strain Rate on the Cutting Process
      • 7.4: The Flow Type
      • 7.5: The Tear Type
      • 7.6: The Curling Type
      • 7.7: Resulting Forces
      • 7.8: Experiments in Clay
      • 7.9: Nomenclature
    • 8: Rock Cutting- Atmospheric Conditions
      • 8.1: Introduction
      • 8.2: Cutting Process and Failure Criteria
      • 8.3: Cutting Models
      • 8.4: The Flow Type (Based on the Merchant Model)
      • 8.5: Determining the Angle β
      • 8.6: The Shear Type, Tear Type and the Chip Type
      • 8.7: Correction on the Tear Type and the Chip Type
      • 8.8: Specific Energy
      • 8.9: Resulting Forces and Mohr Circles
      • 8.10: Example
      • 8.11: Nomenclature
    • 9: Rock Cutting- Hyperbaric Conditions
      • 9.1: Introduction
      • 9.2: The Flow Type and the Crushed Type
      • 9.3: The Tear Type and the Chip Type
      • 9.4: The Curling Type
      • 9.5: Experiments of Zijsling (1987)
      • 9.6: Specific Energy
      • 9.7: Example
      • 9.8: Specific Energy Graphs
      • 9.9: Nomenclature
    • 10: The Occurrence of a Wedge
      • 10.1: Introduction
      • 10.2: TheForceEquilibrium
      • 10.3: The Equilibrium of Moments
      • 10.4: Nomenclature
    • 11: A Wedge in Dry Sand Cutting
      • 11.1: Introduction
      • 11.2: The Force Equilibrium
      • 11.3: The Equilibrium of Moments
      • 11.4: Results of some Calculations
      • 11.5: Experiments of Hatamura and Chijiiwa (1977B)
      • 11.6: Nomenclature
    • 12: A Wedge in Saturated Sand Cutting
      • 12.1: Introduction
      • 12.2: The Equilibrium of Forces
      • 12.3: Pore Pressures
      • 12.4: The Equilibrium of Moments
      • 12.5: The Non-Cavitating Wedge
      • 12.6: The Cavitating Wedge
      • 12.7: Limits
      • 12.8: Experiments
      • 12.9: The Dynamic Wedge
      • 12.10: Nomenclature
    • 13: A Wedge in Clay Cutting
      • 13.1: Introduction
      • 13.2: The Equilibrium of Forces
      • 13.3: The Equilibrium of Moments
      • 13.4: Nomenclature
    • 14: A Wedge in Atmospheric Rock Cutting
      • 14.1: Introduction
      • 14.2: The Equilibrium of Forces
      • 14.3: The Equilibrium of Moments
      • 14.4: Nomenclature
    • 15: A Wedge in Hyperbaric Rock Cutting
      • 15.1: Introduction
      • 15.2: The Equilibrium of Forces
      • 15.3: The Equilibrium of Moments
      • 15.4: Nomenclature
    • 16: Exercises
      • 16.1: Introduction
      • 16.2: Chapter2- Basic Soil Mechanics
      • 16.3: Chapter 3- The General Cutting Process
      • 16.4: Chapter 4- Which Cutting Mechanism for Which Kind of Soil
      • 16.5: Chapter 5- Dry Sand Cutting
      • 16.6: Chapter 6- Water Saturated Sand Cutting
      • 16.7: Chapter 7- Clay Cutting
      • 16.8: Chapter 8- Atmospheric Rock Cutting
      • 16.9: Chapter 9- Hyperbaric Rock Cutting
    • 17: Appendices
      • 17.1: Appendix A- Active and Passive Soil Failure Coefficients
      • 17.2: Appendix B- Dry Sand Cutting Coefficients
      • 17.3: Appendix C- Dimensionless Pore Pressures p1m and p2m
      • 17.4: Appendix D- The Shear Angle β Non-Cavitating
      • 17.5: Appendix E- The Coefficient c1
      • 17.6: Appendix F- The Coefficient c2
      • 17.7: Appendix G- The Coefficient a1
      • 17.8: Appendix H- The Shear Angle β Cavitating
      • 17.9: Appendix I- The Coefficient d1
      • 17.10: Appendix J- The Coefficient d2
      • 17.11: Appendix K- The Properties of the 200 μm Sand
      • 17.12: Appendix L- The Properties of the 105 μm Sand
      • 17.13: Appendix M- Experiments in Water Saturated Sand
      • 17.14: Appendix N- The Snow Plough Effect
      • 17.15: Appendix O- Specific Energy in Sand
      • 17.16: Appendix P- Occurrence of a Wedge, Non-Cavitating
      • 17.17: Appendix Q- Occurrence of a Wedge, Cavitating
      • 17.18: Appendix R- Pore Pressures with Wedge
      • 17.19: Appendix S- FEM Calculations with Wedge
      • 17.20: Appendix T- Force Triangles
      • 17.21: Appendix U- Specific Energy in Clay
      • 17.22: Appendix V- Clay Cutting Charts
      • 17.23: Appendix W- Rock Cutting Charts
      • 17.24: Appendix X- Hyperbaric Rock Cutting Charts
      • 17.25: Appendix Y- Applications and Equipment
      • 17.26: Appendix Z- Publications
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Bibliography
      • Glossary
  • Book: All Things Flow - Fluid Mechanics for the Natural Sciences (Smyth)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Introduction
      • 1.1: Preface
      • 1.2: What is a fluid? The continuum hypothesis
    • 2: Review of Elementary Linear Algebra
      • 2.1: Scalars and vectors
      • 2.2: Matrices
      • 2.3: Systems of linear equations
      • 2.4: Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
    • 3: Cartesian Vectors and Tensors
      • 3.1: Measuring space with Cartesian coordinates
      • 3.2: Vectors and Scalars
      • 3.3: Cartesian Tensors
    • 4: Tensor Calculus
      • 4.1: Vector calculus operations
      • 4.2: Flux and divergence
      • 4.3: Vorticity and Circulation
    • 5: Fluid Kinematics
      • 5.1: Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions
      • 5.2: The Streamfunction
      • 5.3: Rotation and strain- the relative motion of two nearby particles
      • 5.4: Pancakes and noodles- the geometry of turbulence
    • 6: Fluid Dynamics
      • 6.1: The Leibniz rule
      • 6.2: Mass conservation
      • 6.3: Momentum conservation
      • 6.4: Energy conservation in a Newtonian fluid
      • 6.5: The temperature (heat) equation
      • 6.6: Equations of state
      • 6.7: The advection-diffusion equation for a scalar concentration
      • 6.8: Summary: the equations of motion
      • 6.9: Boundary conditions
      • 6.10: Solution methods
    • 7: Vortices
      • 7.1: Introduction
      • 7.2: Vortex dynamics in a homogeneous, inviscid fluid
      • 7.3: Viscous effects
      • 7.4: Buoyancy effects- the baroclinic torque
    • 8: Waves
      • 8.1: Introduction
      • 8.2: The Dispersion Relation
      • 8.3: Superposition phenomena
      • 8.4: Limiting cases
    • 9: Nonlinear, Hydrostatic Flow Over Topography
      • 9.1: Introduction
      • 9.2: Hydraulic Control
      • 9.3: Hydraulic jumps and bores
      • 9.4: Flood waves in a turbulent river
    • 10: Postface
    • 11: Exercises
    • 12: Appendix A- Taylor Series Expansions
    • 13: Appendix B- Torque and the Moment of Inertia
      • 13.1: Torque
      • 13.2: The Moment of Inertia Tensor
    • 14: Appendix C- Isotropic Tensors
      • 14.1: C.1- Infintesimal Rotations
      • 14.2: C.2- 1st-order isotropic tensors
      • 14.3: C.3- 2nd-order isotropic tensors
      • 14.4: C.4 3rd-Order Isotropic Tensors
      • 14.5: C.5 4th-order isotropic tensors
    • 15: Appendix D- The Leva-Cevita Alternating Tensor
      • 15.1: D.1 A completely antisymmetric, three dimensional array
      • 15.2: D.2 The \(\epsilon\)-\(\delta\) relation
      • 15.3: D.3 Applications of \(\epsilon\)
    • 16: Appendix E- Vector Identities
    • 17: Appendix F- The Cauchy Stress Tensor
      • 17.1: F.1 Local Equilibrium
      • 17.2: F.2 Stress on a tilted plane
      • 17.3: F.3 Symmetry of the stress tensor
    • 18: Appendix G- Boussinesq Approximation
      • 18.1: G.1 The Navier-Stokes equation for nearly-uniform density
      • 18.2: G.2 Alternative derivation
    • 19: Appendix H- Bernoulli's Equation
    • 20: Appendix I- Vector Operations in Curvilinear Coordinates
      • 20.1: I.1 Cylindrical coordinates
      • 20.2: I.2 Spherical coordinates
    • 21: Appendix J- The Stokes Drift
    • Back Matter
      • Bibliography
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Book: Fluid Mechanics (Bar-Meir)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Introduction to Fluids
      • 1.1: What is Fluid Mechanics?
      • 1.2: Brief History
      • 1.2: Thermodynamics
      • 1.3: Kinds of Fluids
        • Shear Stress
      • 1.4: Shear Stress
      • 1.5: Viscosity
        • 1.5.1: General Discussion
        • 1.5.2: Non-Newtonian Fluids
          • Kinematic Viscosity
        • 1.5.3: Kinematic Viscosity
        • 1.5.4: Estimation of the Viscosity
      • 1.6: Fluid Properties
        • 1.6.1: Fluid Density
        • 1.6.2: Bulk Modulus
          • 1.6.2.1: Bulk Modulus of Mixtures
          • 1.6.2.2: When the Bulk Modulus is Important? and Hydraulics System
      • 1.7: Surface Tension
        • 1.7.1: Wetting of Surfaces
          • 1.7.1.1: Capillarity
    • 2: Review of Thermodynamics
      • 2.1: Introductory Remarks
      • 2.2: Basic Definitions
      • 2.3: Thermodynamics First Law
      • 2.4: Thermodynamics Second Law
    • 3: Review of Mechanics
      • 3.1: Introductory Remarks
      • 3.2: Kinematics of a Point Body
      • 3.3: Center of Mass
        • 3.3.1: Actual Center of Mass
        • 3.3.2: Aproximate Center of Area
      • 3.4: Moment of Inertia
        • 3.4.1 Moment of Inertia for Mass
        • 3.4.2: Moment of Inertia for Area
          • 3.4.2.1: General Discussion
          • 3.4.2.2: The Parallel Axis Theorem
        • 3.4.3: Examples of Moment of Inertia
        • 3.4.4: Product of Inertia
        • 3.4.5: Principal Axes of Inertia
      • 3.5: Newton's Laws of Motion
      • 3.6: Angular Momentum and Torque
        • 3.6.1: Tables of geometries
    • 4: Fluids Statics
      • 4.1: Introduction
      • 4.2: The Hydrostatic Equation
      • 4.3: Pressure and Density in a Gravitational Field
        • 4.3.1: Constant Density in Gravitational Field
        • 4.3.2: Pressure Management
          • 4.3.2.1: Measuring the Atmospheric Pressure
          • 4.3.2.2: Pressure Measurement
          • 4.3.2.3 Magnified Pressure Measurement
        • 4.3.3 Varying Density in a Gravity Field
          • 4.3.3.1: Gas Phase under Hydrostatic Pressure
          • 4.3.3.2: Liquid Phase Under Hydrostatic Pressure
        • 4.3.4: The Pressure Effects Due To Temperature Variations
          • 4.3.4.1: The Basic Analysis
          • 4.3.4.2 The Stability Analysis
        • 4.3.5: Gravity Variations Effects on Pressure and Density
          • 4.3.5.1: Ideal Gas in Varying Gravity
          • 4.3.5.2: Real Gas in Varying Gravity
          • 4.3.5.3: Liquid Under Varying Gravity
        • 4.3.6 Liquid Phase
      • 4.4: Fluid in an Accelerated System
        • 4.4.1: Fluid in a Linearly Accelerated System
        • 4.4.2 Angular Acceleration Systems: Constant Density
        • 4.4.3: Fluid Statics in Geological System
      • 4.5: Fluid Forces on Surfaces
        • 4.5.1: Fluid Forces on Straight Surfaces
          • 4.5.1.1: Pressure Center
          • 4.5.1.2: Multiply Layers
        • 4.5.2: Forces on Curved Surfaces
      • 4.6: Buoyancy and Stability
        • 4.6.1: Stability
          • 4.6.1.1: Stability of Body with Shifting Mass Centroid
          • 4.6.1.2: Metacentric Height, \(\overline{GM}\), Measurement
          • 4.6.1.3 Stability of Submerged Bodies
          • 4.6.1.4: Stability of None Systematical or ``Strange'' Bodies
          • 4.6.1.5: Neutral frequency of Floating Bodies
        • 4.6.2: Surface Tension
      • 4.7: Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
      • 4.8: Qualitative questions
    • 5: The Control Volume and Mass Conservation
      • 5.1: Introduction
      • 5.2: Control Volume
      • 5.3: Continuity Equation
        • 5.3.1: Non Deformable Control Volume
        • 5.3.2: Constant Density Fluids
          • 5.3.2.1: Non Deformable Control Volume
          • 5.3.2.2: Deformable Control Volume
          • 5.3.2.3: One–Dimensional Control Volume
      • 5.4: Reynolds Transport Theorem
      • 5.5: Examples For Mass Conservation
      • 5.6: The Details Picture – Velocity Area Relationship
      • 5.7: More Examples for Mass Conservation
    • 6: Momentum Conservation for Control Volume
      • 6.1: Momentum Governing Equation
        • 6.1.1: Introduction to Continuous
        • 6.1.2: External Forces
        • 6.1.3: Momentum Governing Equation
        • 6.1.4: Momentum Equation in Acceleration System
        • 6.1.5: Momentum For Steady State and Uniform Flow
          • 6.1.5.1: Momentum for For Constant Pressure and Frictionless Flow
      • 6.2: Momentum Equation Application
        • 6.2.1: Momentum for Unsteady State and Uniform Flow
        • 6.2.2: Momentum Application to Unsteady State
      • 6.3: Conservation Moment Of Momentum
      • 6.4: More Examples on Momentum Conservation
        • 6.4.1: Qualitative Questions
    • 7: Energy Conservation
      • 7.1: The First Law of Thermodynamics
      • 7.2: Limitation of Integral Approach
      • 7.3 Approximation of Energy Equation
        • 7.3.1: Energy Equation in Steady State
        • 7.3.2: Energy Equation in Frictionless Flow and Steady State
      • 7.4: Energy Equation in Accelerated System
        • 7.4.1: Energy in Linear Acceleration Coordinate
        • 7.4.2: Linear Accelerated System
        • 7.4.3: Energy Equation in Rotating Coordinate System
        • 7.4.4: Simplified Energy Equation in Accelerated Coordinate
          • 7.4.4.1: Energy Equation in Accelerated Coordinate with Uniform Flow
        • 7.4.5: Energy Losses in Incompressible Flow
      • 7.5: Examples of Integral Energy Conservation
      • 7.6: Qualitative Questions
    • 8: Differential Analysis
      • 8.1: Introduction
      • 8.2: Mass Conservation
        • 8.2.1 Mass Conservation Examples
      • 8.3: Conservation of General Quantity
        • 8.3.1 Generalization of Mathematical Approach for Derivations
        • 8.3.2 Examples of Several Quantities
          • 8.3.2.1: The General Mass Time Derivative
      • 8.4: Momentum Conservation
      • 8.5: Derivations of the Momentum Equation
      • 8.6: Boundary Conditions and Driving Forces
        • 8.6.1 Boundary Conditions Categories
      • 8.7: Examples for Differential Equation (Navier-Stokes)
        • 8.7.1: Interfacial Instability
    • 9: Dimensional Analysis
      • 9.1 Introductory Remarks
        • 9.1.1: Brief History
        • 9.1.2: Theory Behind Dimensional Analysis
        • 9.1.3: Dimensional Parameters Application for Experimental Study
        • 9.1.4: The Pendulum Class Problem
      • 9.2: Buckingham–π–Theorem
        • 9.2.1: Construction of the Dimensionless Parameters
        • 9.2.2: Basic Units Blocks
        • 9.2.3: Implementation of Construction of Dimensionless Parameters
          • 9.2.3.1: One Shot Method: Constructing Dimensionless Parameters
          • 9.2.3.2: Building Blocks Method: Constructing Dimensional Parameters
          • 9.2.3.3 Mathematical Method: Constructing Dimensional Parameters
        • 9.2.4: Similarity and Similitude
      • 9.3: Nusselt's Technique
      • 9.4 Summary of Dimensionless Numbers
        • 9.4.1: The Significance of these Dimensionless Numbers
        • 9.4.2: Relationship Between Dimensionless Numbers
        • 9.4.3: Examples for Dimensional Analysis
      • 9.5 Summary
    • 10: Inviscid Flow or Potential Flow
      • 10.1 Introduction
        • 10.1.1: Inviscid Momentum Equations
      • 10.2
        • 10.2.1: Streamline and Stream function
        • 10.2.2: Compressible Flow Stream Function
          • 10.2.2.1: Stream Function in a Three Dimensions
        • 10.2.3: The Connection Between the Stream Function and the Potential Function
          • 10.2.3.1: Existences of Stream Functions
      • 10.3 Potential Flow Functions Inventory
        • 10.3.1: Flow Around a Circular Cylinder
          • 10.3.1.1: Adding Circulation to a Cylinder
      • 10.4 Conforming Mapping
        • 10.4.1: Complex Potential and Complex Velocity
      • 10.5 Unsteady State Bernoulli in Accelerated Coordinates
    • 11: Compressible Flow One Dimensional
      • 11.1 What is Compressible Flow?
      • 11.2 Why Compressible Flow is Important?
      • 11.3 Speed of Sound
        • 11.3.1: Introduction
        • 11.3.2: Speed of Sound in Ideal and Perfect Gases
        • 11.3.3: Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible Liquid
        • 11.3.4: Speed of Sound in Solids
        • 11.3.5: The Dimensional Effect of the Speed of Sound
      • 11.4 Isentropic Flow
        • 11.4.1: Stagnation State for Ideal Gas Model
        • 11.4.2: Isentropic Converging–Diverging Flow in Cross Section
        • 11.4.3: The Properties in the Adiabatic Nozzle
          • 11.4.3.1: The pressure Mach number relationship
          • 11.4.3.2: Relationship Between the Mach Number and Cross Section Area
        • 11.4.4: Isentropic Flow Examples
        • 11.4.5: Mass Flow Rate (Number)
        • 11.4.7: The Impulse Function
      • 11.5 Normal Shock
        • 11.5.1: Solution of the Governing Equations
          • 11.5.1.1: The Star Conditions
        • 11.5.2: Prandtl's Condition
        • 11.5.3: Operating Equations and Analysis
      • 11.6 Qualitative questions
        • 11.7 Isothermal Flow
      • 11.7 Isothermal Flow
        • 11.7.1: The Control Volume Analysis/Governing equations
        • 11.7.2: Dimensionless Representation
        • 11.7.3: The Entrance Limitation of Supersonic Branch
        • 11.7.4: Supersonic Branch
        • 11.7.5: Figures and Tables
        • 11.7.6: Isothermal Flow Examples
      • 11.7: Fanno Flow
        • 11.9.1: Introduction
        • 11.7.5
          • 11.7.5.1: Maximum Length for the Supersonic Flow
        • 11.7.6: Working Conditions
          • 11.7.6.1: Variations of The Tube Length (\(ld\)) Effects
          • 11.7.6.2: Fanno Flow Supersonic Branch
        • 11.7.7
          • 11.7.7.1: Choking explanation for pressure variation/reduction
        • 11.7.9: The Practical Questions and Examples of Subsonic branch
        • 11.7.11: Subsonic Fanno Flow for a Given \(M_1\) and Pressure Ratio
        • 11.7.12: More Examples of Fanno Flow
      • 11.8: The Table for Fanno Flow
      • 11.9: Rayleigh Flow
        • 11.9.1: Introduction
        • 11.9.2: Governing Equations
        • 11.9.3: Rayleigh Flow Tables and Figures
        • 11.9.4: Examples For Rayleigh Flow
    • 12: Compressible Flow 2–Dimensional
      • 12.1: Introduction
        • 12.1.1: Preface to Oblique Shock
          • 12.1.1.1: Introduction to Zero Inclination
      • 12.2: Oblique Shock
        • 12.2.1: Solution of Mach Angle
          • 12.2.1.1: Upstream Mach Number, \(M_1\), and Deflection Angle, \(\delta\)
        • 12.2.2: When No Oblique Shock Exist or the case of \(D>0\)
          • 12.2.2.1: Large deflection angle for given, \(M_1\)
          • 12.2.2.2: The case of \(D\geq 0\) or \(0 \geq\delta\)
          • 12.2.2.3: Upstream Mach Number, \(M_1\), and Shock Angle, \(\theta\)
          • 12.2.2.4: Given Two Angles, \(\delta\) and \(\theta\)
          • 12.2.2.5: Flow in a Semi–2D Shape
          • 12.2.2.6: Close and Far Views of the Oblique Shock
          • 12.2.2.7: Maximum Value of Oblique shock
          • 12.2.2.8: Oblique Shock Examples
        • 12.2.3: Application of Oblique Shock
      • 12.3: Prandtl-Meyer Function
        • 12.3.1: Introduction
        • 12.3.2: Geometrical Explanation
      • 12.4: The Maximum Turning Angle
      • 12.5: The Working Equations for the Prandtl-Meyer Function
      • 12.6: d'Alembert's Paradox
      • 12.7: Flat Body with an Angle of Attack
      • 12.8: Examples For Prandtl–Meyer Function
      • 12.9: Combination of the Oblique Shock and Isentropic Expansion
    • 13: Multi–Phase Flow
      • 13.1: Introduction
      • 13.2: History
      • 13.3: What to Expect From This Chapter
      • 13.4: Kind of Multi-Phase Flow
      • 13.5: Classification of Liquid-Liquid Flow Regimes
        • 13.5.1: Co–Current Flow
          • 13.5.1.1: Horizontal Flow
          • 13.5.1.2: Vertical Flow
          • 13.5.1.3: Vertical Flow Under Micro Gravity
      • 13.6: Multi–Phase Flow Variables Definitions
        • 13.6.1: Multi–Phase Averaged Variables Definitions
      • 13.7: Homogeneous Models
        • 13.7.1: Pressure Loss Components
          • 13.7.1.1: Friction Pressure Loss
          • 13.7.1.2: Acceleration Pressure Loss
          • 13.7.1.3: Gravity Pressure Loss
          • 13.7.1.4: Total Pressure Loss
        • 13.7.2: Lockhart Martinelli Model
      • 13.8: Solid–Liquid Flow
        • 13.8.1: Solid Particles with Heavier Density \(\rho_S>\rho_L\)
        • 13.8.2: Solid With Lighter Density \(\rho_S< \rho\) and With Gravity
      • 13.9: Counter–Current Flow
        • 13.9.1: Horizontal Counter–Current Flow
        • 13.9.2: Flooding and Reversal Flow
      • 13.10: Multi–Phase Conclusion
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Intermediate Fluid Mechanics (Liburdy)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Introduction
    • 2: Mathematical Tools
    • 3: Bernoulli Equation
    • 4: Potential Flow Basics
    • 5: Integral Boundary Layer Relationships
    • 6: Potential Flows
    • 7: The Panel Method - An Introduction
    • 8: Introduction to Viscous Flows
    • 9: Boundary Layer Flows
    • 10: Introduction to Turbulence Effects
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Book: Slurry Transport (Miedema)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • About the Author and Editor
      • Table of Contents
      • Acknowledgements
      • Preface
    • 1: Introduction
      • 1.1: Introduction
      • 1.2: Flow Regimes Literature
      • 1.3: The Parable of Blind Men and an Elephant
      • 1.4: The Delft Head Loss and Limit Deposit Velocity Framework
      • 1.5: Approach of this Book
      • 1.6: Nomenclature
    • 2: Dimensionless Numbers and Other Parameters
      • 2.1: Definitions
      • 2.2: Dimensionless Numbers
      • 2.3: Applications of Dimensionless Numbers
      • 2.4: Other Important Parameters
      • 2.5: Nomenclature
    • 3: Pressure Losses with Homogeneous Liquid Flow
      • 3.1: Pipe Wall Shear Stress
      • 3.2: The Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factor
      • 3.3: The Equivalent Liquid Model
      • 3.4: Approximation of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factor
      • 3.5: The Friction Velocity or Shear Velocity u*
      • 3.6: The Thickness of the Viscous Sub Layer δv
      • 3.7: The Smallest Eddies
      • 3.8: The Relative or Apparent Viscosity
      • 3.9: Nomenclature
    • 4: The Terminal Settling Velocity of Particles
      • 4.1: Introduction
      • 4.2: The Equilibrium of Forces
      • 4.3: The Drag Coefficient
      • 4.4: Terminal Settling Velocity Equations
      • 4.5: The Shape Factor
      • 4.6: Hindered Settling
      • 4.7: Conclusions
      • 4.8: Nomenclature
    • 5: Initiation of Motion and Sediment Transport
      • 5.1: Initiation of Motion of Particles
      • 5.2: Hydraulic Transport of Sand-Shell Mixtures in Relation with the LDV
      • 5.3: Erosion, Bed Load and Suspended Load
    • 6: Slurry Transport, a Historical Overview
      • 6.1: Introduction
      • 6.2: Early History
      • 6.3: Empirical and Semi-Empirical Models
      • 6.4: The Durand and Condolios (1952) School
      • 6.5: The Newitt et al. (1955) Model
      • 6.6: Silin, Kobernik and Asaulenko (1958) and (1962)
      • 6.7: Graf et al. (1970) and Robinson (1971)
      • 6.8: Yagi et al. (1972)
      • 6.9: A.D. Thomas (1976) and (1979)
      • 6.10: The Turian and Yuan (1977) Fit Model
      • 6.11: Kazanskij (1978) and (1980)
      • 6.12: The IHC-MTI (1998) Model for the Limit Deposit Velocity
      • 6.13: Conclusions and Discussion Empirical and Semi-Empirical Models
      • 6.14: Nomenclature Early History and Empirical and Semi-Empirical Models
      • 6.15: Physical Models
      • 6.16: The Wasp et al. (1963) Model
      • 6.17: The Wilson-GIW (1979) Models
      • 6.18: The Fuhrboter (1961) Model
      • 6.19: The Jufin and Lopatin (1966) Model
      • 6.20: Charles (1970) and Babcock (1970)
      • 6.21: The Doron et al. (1987) and Doron and Barnea (1993) Model
      • 6.22: The SRC Model
      • 6.23: The Kaushal and Tomita (2002B) Model
      • 6.24: The Matousek (2010), (2011) Model
      • 6.25: Talmon (2011) and (2013) Homogeneous Regime
      • 6.26: Conclusions and Discussion Physical Models
      • 6.27: The Limit Deposit Velocity (LDV)
      • 6.28: Inclined Pipes
      • 6.29: Starting Points DHLLDV Framework
    • 7: The Delft Head Loss and Limit Deposit Velocity Framework
      • 7.1: Introduction
      • 7.2: Flow Regimes and Scenario’s
      • 7.3: A Head Loss Model for Fixed Bed Slurry Transport
      • 7.4: A Head Loss Model for Sliding Bed Slurry Transport
      • 7.5: A Head Loss Model for Heterogeneous Slurry Transport
      • 7.6: A Head Loss Model for Homogeneous Slurry Transport
      • 7.7: The Sliding Flow Regime
      • 7.8: The Limit Deposit Velocity
      • 7.9: The Slip Velocity
      • 7.10: The Concentration Distribution
      • 7.11: The Transition Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous in Detail
      • 7.12: The Bed Height
      • 7.13: Influence of the Particle Size Distribution
      • 7.14: Inclined Pipes
    • 8: Usage of the DHLLDV Framework
      • 8.1: Introduction
      • 8.2: Default Equations Used In This Book
      • 8.3: The Influence of Fines
      • 8.4: The Fixed or Stationary Bed Regime
      • 8.5: The Sliding Bed Regime
      • 8.6: The Heterogeneous Transport Regime
      • 8.7: The Homogeneous Transport Regime
      • 8.8: The Transition Heterogeneous Regime - Homogeneous Regime
      • 8.9: The Sliding Flow Regime
      • 8.10: The Resulting Erhg Constant Spatial Volumetric Concentration Curve
      • 8.11: Determining the Limit Deposit Velocity
      • 8.12: Constructing the Transport Concentration Curves
      • 8.13: The Bed Height
      • 8.14: The Concentration Distribution
      • 8.15: Graded Sands and Gravels
      • 8.16: Inclined Pipes
      • 8.17: Conclusions and Discussion
      • 8.18: Nomenclature DHLLDV Framework
    • 9: Comparison of the DHLLDV Framework with Other Models
      • 9.1: Introduction
      • 9.2: The Transition Velocity Heterogeneous-Homogeneous
      • 9.3: The Limit Deposit Velocity
      • 9.4: Nomenclature Comparisons
      • 9.5: Comparison Graded Sands and Gravels
    • 10: Application of the Theory on a Cutter Suction Dredge
      • 10.1: Head Loss Equation
      • 10.2: The Limit Deposit Velocity
      • 10.3: The Resulting Head Loss versus Mixture Flow Graph
      • 10.4: The Relative Excess Hydraulic Gradient of Pump and Pipeline
      • 10.5: A Segmented Pipeline System
      • 10.6: Conclusions and Discussion
      • 10.7: Nomenclature Application of the Theory on a Cutter Suction Dredge
    • 11: Appendices
      • 11.1: Appendix A- List of Solids Densities
      • 11.2: Appendix B- List of Liquid Densities
      • 11.3: Appendix C- List of Mesh Sizes
      • 11.4: Appendix D- Flow Regime Diagrams
      • 11.5: A Set of Resulting Graphs
      • 11.6: 3 Layer Model Graphs (Sliding Bed and Sliding Flow)
      • 11.7: Concentration Distributions
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Publications
      • Bibliography
      • Index
      • Glossary
  • Book: Applied Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual (Ahmari and Kabir)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Lab Manual
      • 1.10: Experiment #10: Pumps
      • 1.1: Experiment #1: Hydrostatic Pressure
      • 1.2: Experiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration
      • 1.3: Experiment #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings
      • 1.4: Experiment #4: Energy Loss in Pipes
      • 1.5: Experiment #5: Impact of a Jet
      • 1.6: Experiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow
      • 1.7: Experiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration
      • 1.8: Experiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices
      • 1.9: Experiment #9: Flow Over Weirs
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Glossary
• Computer Science
  • Programming and Computation Fundamentals
    • Foundations of Computation (Critchlow and Eck)
      • Front Matter
        • TitlePage
        • InfoPage
        • Table of Contents
      • 1: Logic and Proof
        • 1.1: Propositional Logic
        • 1.2: Boolen Algebra
        • 1.3: Application - Logic Circuits
        • 1.4: Predicates and Quantifiers
        • 1.5: Deduction
        • 1.6: Proof
        • 1.7: Proof by Contradiction
        • 1.8: Mathematical Induction
        • 1.9: Application- Recursion and Induction
        • 1.10: Recursive Definitions
      • 2: Sets, Functions, and Relations
        • 2.1: Basic Concepts
        • 2.2: The Boolean Algebra of Sets
        • 2.3: Application- Programming with Sets
        • 2.4: Functions
        • 2.5: Application- Programming with Functions
        • 2.6: Counting Past Infinity
        • 2.7: Relations
        • 2.8: Relational Databases
      • 3: Regular Expressions and FSA's
        • 3.1: Languages
        • 3.2: Regular Expressions
        • 3.3: Using Regular Expressions
        • 3.4: Finite-State Automata
        • 3.5: Nondeterministic Finite-State Automata
        • 3.6: Finite-State Automata and Regular Lan- guages
        • 3.7: Non-regular Languages
      • 4: Grammars
        • 4.1: Context-free Grammars
        • 4.2: Application - BNF
        • 4.3: Parsing and Parse Trees
        • 4.4: Pushdown Automata
        • 4.5: Non-context-free Languages
        • 4.6: General Grammars
      • 5: Turing Machines and Computability
        • 5.1: Turing Machines
        • 5.2: Computability
        • 5.3: The Limits of Computation
      • Back Matter
        • Index
        • Index
        • Glossary
    • Book: An Introduction to Ontology Engineering (Keet)
      • Front Matter
        • TitlePage
        • InfoPage
        • Table of Contents
        • About the Author
        • Preface
      • 1: How to Use the Book
        • 1.1: Aims and Synopsis
        • 1.2: Content at a Glance
        • 1.3: Assessment
      • 2: Introduction to Ontology Engineering
        • 2.1: Prelude to Ontology Engineering
        • 2.2: What Does an Ontology Look Like?
        • 2.3: What is an Ontology?
        • 2.4: What is the Usefulness of an Ontology?
        • 2.5: Outline and Usage of the Book
        • 2.E: Introduction to Ontology Engineering (Exercises)
        • 2.S: Literature and Reference Material
      • 3: First Order Logic and Automated Reasoning in a Nutshell
        • 3.1: First Order Logic Syntax and Semantics
        • 3.2: Reasoning
        • 3.E: First Order Logic and Automated Reasoning in a Nutshell (Excercises)
        • 3.S: First Order Logic and Automated Reasoning in a Nutshell (Summary)
      • 4: Description Logics
        • 4.1: Prelude to Description Logics
        • 4.2: Description Logics Primer
        • 4.3: Important Description Logics
        • 4.4: Reasoning Services
        • 4.5: Literature and Reference Material
        • 4.E: Description Logics (Exercises)
      • 5: The Web Ontology Language OWL 2
        • 5.1: Prelude to the Web Ontology Language
        • 5.2: Standardizing an Ontology Language
        • 5.3: OWL 2
        • 5.4: OWL in Context
        • 5.E: The Web Ontology Language (Exercises)
        • 5.S: Literature and Reference Material
      • 6: Methods and Methodologies
        • 6.1: Methodologies for Ontology Development
        • 6.2: Methods to Improve an Ontology’s Quality
        • 6.3: Exercises
        • 6.4: Literature and Reference Material
      • 7: Top-Down Ontology Development
        • 7.1: Prelude to Top-Down Ontology Development
        • 7.2: Foundational Ontologies
        • 7.3: Part-Whole Relations
        • 7.4: Excercises
        • 7.5: Literature and Reference Material
      • 8: Bottom-up Ontology Development
        • 8.1: Relational Databases and Related ‘legacy’ KR
        • 8.2: From Spreadsheets to OWL
        • 8.3: Thesauri
        • 8.4: Text Processing to Extract Content for Ontologies
        • 8.5: Other Semi-Automated Approaches
        • 8.6: Ontology Design Patterns
        • 8.7: Exercises
        • 8.8: Literature and Reference Material
      • 9: Ontology-Based Data Access
        • 9.1: Introduction- Motivations
        • 9.2: OBDA Design Choices
        • 9.3: An OBDA Architecture
        • 9.4: Principal Components
        • 9.5: Exercises
        • 9.6: Literature and Reference Material
      • 10: Ontologies and Natural Languages
        • 10.1: Toward Multilingual Ontologies
        • 10.2: Ontology Verbalisation
        • 10.3: Exercises
        • 10.4: Literature and Reference Material
      • 11: Advanced Modeling with Additional Language Features
        • 11.1: Uncertainty and Vagueness
        • 11.2: Time and Temporal Ontologies
        • 11.3: Exercises
        • 11.4: Literature and Reference Material
      • 12: Bibliography
        • 12.1: Bibliography
        • 12.2: Books About Ontologies
        • 12.3: Selection of Journals that Publish Papers about Ontologies
        • 12.4: Selection of Conferences that Publish Papers about Ontologies
      • 13: Assignments
        • 13.1: Practical Assignment- Develop a Domain Ontology
        • 13.2: Project Assignment
      • Back Matter
        • Index
        • Complexity Recap
        • OWL 2 Profiles Features List
        • Glossary
    • Book: Delftse Foundations of Computation
      • Front Matter
        • TitlePage
        • InfoPage
        • Table of Contents
        • Introduction
      • 1: Logic
        • 1.1: Propositional Logic
          • 1.1.1: Propositions
          • 1.1.2: Logical operators
          • 1.1.3: Precedence rules
          • 1.1.4: Logical equivalence
          • 1.1.5: More logical operaters
          • 1.1.6: Implications in English
          • 1.1.7: More forms of implication
          • 1.1.8: Exclusive or
          • 1.1.9: Universal operators
          • 1.1.10: Classifying propositions
        • 1.2: Boolean Algebra
          • 1.2.1: Basics of Boolean Algebra
          • 1.2.2: Substitution Laws
          • 1.2.3: Simplifications
          • 1.2.4: More rules of Boolean Algebra
        • 1.3: Logic Circuits
          • 1.3.1: Logic Gates
          • 1.3.2: Combining Gates to Create Circuits
          • 1.3.3: From Circuits to Propositions
          • 1.3.4: Disjunctive Normal Form
          • 1.3.5: Binary Addition
        • 1.4: Predicate Logic
          • 1.4.1: Predicates
          • 1.4.2: Quantifiers
          • 1.4.3: Operators
          • 1.4.4: Tarski’s world and formal structures
          • 1.4.5: Logical equivalence
        • 1.5: Deduction
          • 1.5.1: Arguments
          • 1.5.2: Valid arguments and proofs
          • 1.5.3: Proofs in predicate logic
        • 1.6: Logic
      • 2: Proof
        • 2.1: A Little Historial Background
        • 2.2: 3.2.C Examples
        • 2.3: Mathematical Proof
          • 2.3.1: How to write a proof
          • 2.3.2: Some terminology
        • 2.4: Proof by Contradiction
        • 2.5: Mathematical Induction
          • 2.5.1: How to write a proof by induction
          • 2.5.2: Examples
          • 2.5.3: More examples
        • 2.6: Strong Mathematical Induction
        • 2.7: Application - Recursion and Induction
          • 2.7.1: Recursive factorials
          • 2.7.2: Towers of Hanoi
          • 2.7.3: Binary trees
        • 2.8: Recursive Definitions
        • 2.9: Invariants
      • 3: Sets, Functions, and Relations
        • 3.1: Basic Concepts
          • 3.1.1: Elements of sets
          • 3.1.2: Set-builder notation
          • 3.1.3: Operations on sets
          • 3.1.4: Visualising sets
          • 3.1.5: Sets of sets
          • 3.1.6: Mathematical induction revisited
          • 3.1.7: Structural Induction
        • 3.2: 4.2 The Boolean Algebra of Sets
          • 3.2.1: Set Complement
          • 3.2.2: Link between logic and set theory
        • 3.3: Programming with Sets
          • 3.3.1: Representing sets
          • 3.3.2: Computing with sets
        • 3.4: Functions
          • 3.4.1: Formalizing the notion of functions
          • 3.4.2: Operations on functions
          • 3.4.3: Properties of functions
          • 3.4.4: First-class objects
        • 3.5: Programming with Functions
          • 3.5.1: Functions as first-class objects
        • 3.6: Counting Past Infinity
          • 3.6.1: Cardinality
          • 3.6.2: Counting to infinity
          • 3.6.3: Uncountable sets
          • 3.6.4: A final note on infinities
        • 3.7: Relations
          • 3.7.1: Properties of relations
          • 3.7.2: Equivalence relations
        • 3.8: Relational Databases
      • 4: Looking Beyond
        • 4.1: Further Reading
      • Back Matter
        • Index
        • Glossary
    • Book: Programming Fundamentals (Busbee and Braunschweig)
      • Front Matter
        • TitlePage
        • InfoPage
        • Table of Contents
      • 1: Introduction to Programming
        • 1.1: Systems Development Life Cycle
        • 1.2: Program Design
        • 1.3: Program Quality
        • 1.4: Pseudocode
        • 1.5: Flowcharts
        • 1.6: Software Testing
        • 1.7: Integrated Development Environment