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• Computer Science
  • Book: Foundations of Computation (Critchlow & Eck)
    • 1: Logic and Proof
      • 1.10 Recursive Definitions
      • 1.1: Propositional Logic
      • 1.2: Boolen Algebra
      • 1.3: Application - Logic Circuits
      • 1.4:Predicates and Quantifiers
      • 1.5: Deduction
      • 1.6: Proof
      • Section1.9: Application: Recursion and Induction
      • Section 1.7: Proof by Contradiction
      • Section 1.8: Mathematical Induction
    • 2: Sets, Functions, and Relations
      • 2.1: Basic Concepts
      • 2.2: The Boolean Algebra of Sets
      • 2.3: Application: Programming with Sets
      • 2.4: Functions
      • 2.5: Application: Programming with Functions
      • 2.6: Counting Past Infinity
      • 2.7 Relations
      • 2.8 Application: Relational Databases
    • 3: Regular Expressions and FSA's
      • 3.1 Languages
      • 3.2 Regular Expressions
      • 3.3 Application: Using Regular Expressions
      • 3.4 Finite-State Automata
      • 3.5 Nondeterministic Finite-State Automata
      • 3.6 Finite-State Automata and Regular Lan- guages
      • 3.7 Non-regular Languages
    • 4: Grammars
      • 4.1 Context-free Grammars
      • 4.2 Application: BNF
      • 4.3 Parsing and Parse Trees
      • 4.4 Pushdown Automata
      • 4.5 Non-context-free Languages
      • 4.6 General Grammars
    • 5: Turing Machines and Computability
      • 5.1 Turing Machines
      • 5.2 Computability
      • 5.3 The Limits of Computation
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
  • Book: Open Structures (Porin)
    • 1: Introduction
      • 1.1: The Need for Efficiency
      • 1.2: Interfaces
      • 1.3: Mathematical Background
      • 1.4: The Model of Computation
      • 1.5: Correctness, Time Complexity, and Space Complexity
      • 1.6: Code Samples
      • 1.7: List of Data Structures
      • 1.8: Discussion and Exercises
    • 2: Array-Based Lists
      • 2.1: ArrayStack - Fast Stack Operations Using an Array
      • 2.2: FastArrayStack - An Optimized ArrayStack
      • 2.3: ArrayQueue - An Array-Based Queue
      • 2.4: ArrayDeque - Fast Deque Operations Using an Array
      • 2.5: DualArrayDeque - Building a Deque from Two Stacks
      • 2.6: RootishArrayStack - A Space-Efficient Array Stack
      • 2.7: Discussion and Exercises
    • 3: Linked Lists
      • 3.1: SLList - A Singly-Linked List
      • 3.2: DLList - A Doubly-Linked List
      • 3.3: SEList - A Space-Efficient Linked List
      • 3.4: Discussion and Exercises
    • 4: Skiplists
      • 4.1: The Basic Structure
      • 4.2: SkiplistSSet - An Efficient SSet
      • 4.3: SkiplistList - An Efficient Random-Access List
      • 4.4: Analysis of Skiplists
      • 4.5: Discussion and Exercises
    • 5: Hash Tables
      • 5.1: ChainedHashTable - Hashing with Chaining
      • 5.2: LinearHashTable - Linear Probing
      • 5.3: Hash Codes
      • 5.4: Discussion and Exercises
    • 6: Binary Trees
      • 6.1: BinaryTree - A Basic Binary Tree
      • 6.2: BinarySearchTree - An Unbalanced Binary Search Tree
      • 6.3: Discussion and Exercises
    • 7: Random Binary Search Trees
      • 7.1: Random Binary Search Trees
      • 7.2: Treap - A Randomized Binary Search Tree
      • 7.3: Discussion and Exercises
    • 8: Scapegoat Trees
      • 8.1: ScapegoatTree - A Binary Search Tree with Partial Rebuilding
      • 8.2: Discussion and Exercises
    • 9: Red-Black Trees
      • 9.1: 2-4 Trees
      • 9.2: A Simulated 2-4 Tree
      • 9.3: Summary
      • 9.4: Discussion and Exercises
    • 10: Heaps
      • 10.1: BinaryHeap - An Implicit Binary Tree
      • 10.2: MeldableHeap - A Randomized Meldable Heap
      • 10.3: Discussion and Exercises
    • 11: Sorting Algorithms
      • 11.1: Comparison-Based Sorting
      • 11.2: Counting Sort and Radix Sort
      • 11.3: Discussion and Exercises
    • 12: Graphs
      • 12.1: Representing a Graph by a Matrix
      • 12.2: A Graph as a Collection of Lists
      • 12.3: Graph Traversal
      • 12.4: Discussion and Exercises
    • 13: Data Structures for Integers
      • 13.1: BinaryTrie - A digital search tree
      • 13.2: XFastTrie - Searching in Doubly-Logarithmic Time
      • 13.3: YFastTrie - A Doubly-Logarithmic Time SSet
      • 13.4: Discussion and Exercises
    • 14: External Memory Searching
      • 14.1: The Block Store
      • 14.2: B-Trees
      • 14.3: Discussion and Exercises
  • Book: An Introduction to Ontology Engineering (Keet)
    • 0: How to Use the Book
      • 0.1: Aims and Synopsis
      • 0.2: Content at a Glance
      • 0.3: Assessment
    • 1: Introduction to Ontology Engineering
      • 1.0: Prelude to Ontology Engineering
      • 1.1: What Does an Ontology Look Like?
      • 1.2: What is an Ontology?
      • 1.3: What is the Usefulness of an Ontology?
      • 1.4: Outline and Usage of the Book
      • 1.E: Introduction to Ontology Engineering (Exercises)
      • 1.S: Literature and Reference Material
    • 2: First Order Logic and Automated Reasoning in a Nutshell
      • 2.1: First Order Logic Syntax and Semantics
      • 2.2: Reasoning
      • 2.E: First Order Logic and Automated Reasoning in a Nutshell (Excercises)
      • 2.S: First Order Logic and Automated Reasoning in a Nutshell (Summary)
    • 3: Description Logics
      • 3.0: Prelude to Description Logics
      • 3.1: Description Logics Primer
      • 3.2: Important Description Logics
      • 3.3: Reasoning Services
      • 3.5: Literature and Reference Material
      • 3.E: Description Logics (Exercises)
    • 4: The Web Ontology Language OWL 2
      • 4.0: Prelude to the Web Ontology Language
      • 4.1: Standardizing an Ontology Language
      • 4.2: OWL 2
      • 4.3: OWL in Context
      • 4.E: The Web Ontology Language (Exercises)
      • 4.S: Literature and Reference Material
    • 5: Methods and Methodologies
      • 5.1: Methodologies for Ontology Development
      • 5.2: Methods to Improve an Ontology’s Quality
      • 5.3: Exercises
      • 5.4: Literature and Reference Material
    • 6: Top-Down Ontology Development
      • 6.0: Prelude to Top-Down Ontology Development
      • 6.1: Foundational Ontologies
      • 6.2: Part-Whole Relations
      • 6.3: Excercises
      • 6.4: Literature and Reference Material
    • 7: Bottom-up Ontology Development
      • 7.1: Relational Databases and Related ‘legacy’ KR
      • 7.2: From Spreadsheets to OWL
      • 7.3: Thesauri
      • 7.4: Text Processing to Extract Content for Ontologies
      • 7.5: Other Semi-Automated Approaches
      • 7.6: Ontology Design Patterns
      • 7.7: Exercises
      • 7.8: Literature and Reference Material
    • 8: Ontology-Based Data Access
      • 8.1: Introduction: Motivations
      • 8.2: OBDA Design Choices
      • 8.3: An OBDA Architecture
      • 8.4: Principal Components
      • 8.5: Exercises
      • 8.6: Literature and Reference Material
    • 9: Ontologies and Natural Languages
      • 9.1: Toward Multilingual Ontologies
      • 9.2: Ontology Verbalisation
      • 9.3: Exercises
      • 9.4: Literature and Reference Material
    • 10: Advanced Modeling with Additional Language Features
      • 10.1: Uncertainty and Vagueness
      • 10.2: Time and Temporal Ontologies
      • 10.3: Exercises
      • 10.4: Literature and Reference Material
    • 11: Bibliography
      • 11.1: Bibliography
      • 11.2: Books About Ontologies
      • 11.3: Selection of Journals that Publish Papers about Ontologies
      • 11.4: Selection of Conferences that Publish Papers about Ontologies
    • 12: Assignments
      • 12.1: Practical Assignment: Develop a Domain Ontology
      • 12.2: Project Assignment
    • 13: OWL 2 Profiles Features List
    • 14: Complexity Recap
    • 15: About the Author
  • Book: A Brief Introduction to Engineering Computation with MATLAB (Beyenir)
    • 1: Acknowledgements
    • 2: Preface
    • 3: Study Guide
    • 4.1: What is MATLAB?
      • 4.2 Problem Set
    • 5.1: Essentials
      • 5.2 Problem Set
    • 6.1: Plotting in MATLAB
      • 6.2 Problem Set
    • 7.1: Writing Scripts to Solve Problems
      • 7.2 Problem Set
    • 8.1: Interpolation
      • 8.2 Problem Set
    • 9.1: Computing the Area Under a Curve
      • 9.2 Problem Set
    • 10.1: Regression Analysis
      • 10.2 Problem Set
    • 11: Publishing with MATLAB
      • 11.2 Problem Set
  • Book: Python for Everybody (Severance)
    • 1: Introduction
      • 1.1: Why should you learn to write programs?
      • 1.2: Creativity and Motivation
      • 1.3: Computer Hardware Architecture
      • 1.4: Understanding Programming
      • 1.5: Words and Sentences
      • 1.6: Conversing with Python
      • 1.7: Terminology - Interpreter and Compiler
      • 1.8: Writing a Program
      • 1.9: What is a program?
      • 1.10: The Building Blocks of Programs
      • 1.11: What could possibly go wrong?
      • 1.12: The Learning Journey
      • 1.E: Introduction (Exercises)
      • 1.G: Introduction (Glossary)
    • 2: Variables, Expressions, and Statements
      • 2.1: Values and Types
      • 2.2: Variables
      • 2.3: Variable names and Keywords
      • 2.4: Statements
      • 2.5: Operators and Operands
      • 2.6: Expressions
      • 2.7: Order of Operations
      • 2.8: Modulus Operator
      • 2.9: String Operations
      • 2.10: Asking the user for input
      • 2.11: Comments
      • 2.12: Choosing Mnemonic Variable Names
      • 2.13: Debugging
      • 2.E: Variables, Expressions, and Statements (Exercises)
      • 2.G: Glossary
    • 3: Conditional Execution
      • 3.1: Boolean Expressions
      • 3.2: Logical Operators
      • 3.3: Conditional Execution
      • 3.4: Alternative Execution
      • 3.5: Chained Conditionals
      • 3.6: Nested Conditionals
      • 3.7: Catching exceptions Using Try and Except
      • 3.8: Short-Circuit Evaluation of Logical Expressions
      • 3.9: Debugging
      • 3.E: Conditional Execution (Exercises)
      • 3.G: Conditional Execution (Glossary)
    • 4: Functions
      • 4.1: Function Calls
      • 4.2: Built-in Functions
      • 4.3: Type Conversion Functions
      • 4.4: Random Numbers
      • 4.5: Math Functions
      • 4.6: Adding New Functions
      • 4.7: Definitions and Uses
      • 4.8: Flow of Execution
      • 4.9: Parameters and Arguments
      • 4.10: Fruitful functions and void functions
      • 4.11: Why functions?
      • 4.12: Debugging
      • 4.E: Functions (Exercises)
      • 4.G: Functions (Glossary)
    • 5: Iterations
      • 5.1: Updating Variables
      • 5.2: The while Statement
      • 5.3: Infinite Loops
      • 5.4: "Infinite loops" and break
      • 5.5: Finishing iterations with continue
      • 5.6: Definite loops using for
      • 5.7: Loop patterns
      • 5.8: Counting and Summing Loops
      • 5.9: Maximum and Minimum Loops
      • 5.10: Debugging
      • 5.E: Iterations (Exercises)
      • 5.G: Iterations (Glossary)
    • 6: Strings
      • 6.1: A string is a sequence
      • 6.2: Getting the length of a string using len
      • 6.3: Traversal through a string with a loop
      • 6.4: String Slices
      • 6.5: Strings are immutable
      • 6.6: Looping and Counting
      • 6.7: The in operator
      • 6.8: String Comparison
      • 6.9: String Methods
      • 6.10: Parsing strings
      • 6.11: Format operator
      • 6.12: Debugging
      • 6.E: Strings (Exercises)
      • 6.G: Strings (Glossary)
    • 7: Files
      • 7.1: Persistence
      • 7.2: Opening Files
      • 7.3: Text files and Lines
      • 7.4: Reading Files
      • 7.5: Searching through a File
      • 7.6: Letting the user choose the file name
      • 7.7: Using try, except, and open
      • 7.8: Writing Files
      • 7.9: Debugging
      • 7.E: Files (Exercises)
      • 7.G: Files (Glossary)
    • 8: Lists
      • 8.1: A list is a sequence
      • 8.2: Lists are mutable
      • 8.3: Traversing a List
      • 8.4: List operations
      • 8.5: List Slices
      • 8.6: List Methods
      • 8.7: Deleting Elements
      • 8.8: Lists and Functions
      • 8.9: Lists and Strings
      • 8.10: Parsing lines
      • 8.11: Objects and Values
      • 8.12: Aliasing
      • 8.13: List arguments
      • 8.14: Debugging
      • 8.E: Lists (Exercises)
      • 8.G: Lists (Glossary)
    • 9: Dictionaries
      • 9.1: Dictionaries
      • 9.2: Dictionary as a Set of Counters
      • 9.3: Dictionaries and Files
      • 9.4: Looping and Dictionaries
      • 9.5: Advanced Text Parsing
      • 9.6: Debugging
      • 9.E: Dictionaries (Exercises)
      • 9.G: Dictionaries (Glossary)
    • 10: Tuples
      • 10.1: Tuples are Immutable
      • 10.2: Comparing Tuples
      • 10.3: Tuple Assignment
      • 10.4: Dictionaries and Tuples
      • 10.5: Multiple assignment with dictionaries
      • 10.6: The most common words
      • 10.7: Using Tuples as Keys in Dictionaries
      • 10.8: Sequences: strings, lists, and tuples - Oh My!
      • 10.9: Debugging
      • 10.E: Tuples (Exercises)
      • 10.G: Tuples (Glossary)
    • 11: Regular Expressions
      • 11.1: Regular Expressions
      • 11.2: Character matching in regular expressions
      • 11.3: Extracting data using regular expressions
      • 11.4: Combining searching and extracting
      • 11.5: Escape Character
      • 11.6: Bonus section for Unix / Linux users
      • 11.7: Debugging
      • 11.E: Regular Expressions (Exercises)
      • 11.G: Regular Expressions (Glossary)
      • 11.S: Regular Expressions (Summary)
    • 12: Networked Programs
      • 12.1: HyperText Transfer Protocol - HTTP
      • 12.2: The World's Simplest Web Browser
      • 12.3: Retrieving an image over HTTP
      • 12.4: Retrieving web pages with urllib
      • 12.5: Parsing HTML and scraping the web
      • 12.6: Parsing HTML using regular expressions
      • 12.7: Parsing HTML using BeautifulSoup
      • 12.8: Reading binary files using urllib
      • 12.E: Networked Programs (Exercises)
      • 12.G: Networked Programs (Glossary)
    • 13: Python and Web Services
      • 13.1: eXtensible Markup Language - XML
      • 13.2: Looping through Nodes
      • 13.3: JavaScript Object Notation - JSON
      • 13.4: Parsing JSON
      • 13.5: Application Programming Interfaces
      • 13.6: Google geocoding web service
      • 13.7: Security and API usage
      • 13.E: Python and Web Services (Exercises)
      • 13.G: Python and Web Services (Glossary)
    • 14: Object-Oriented Programming
      • 14.1: Managing Larger Programs
      • 14.2: Getting Started
      • 14.3: Using Objects
      • 14.4: Starting with Programs
      • 14.5: Subdividing a Problem - Encapsulation
      • 14.6: Our First Python Object
      • 14.7: Classes as Types
      • 14.8: Many Instances
      • 14.8: Object Lifecycle
      • 14.9: Inheritance
      • 14.G: Object-Oriented Programming (Glossary)
      • 14.S: Object-Oriented Programming (Summary)
    • 15: Using Databases and SQL
      • 15.1: What is a database?
      • 15.2: Database Concepts
      • 15.3: Database Browser for SQLite
      • 15.4: Creating a database table
      • 15.5: Structured Query Language summary
      • 15.6: Spidering Twitter using a database
      • 15.7: Basic data modeling
      • 15.8: Programming with Multiple Tables
      • 15.9: Constraints in Database Tables
      • 15.10: Retrieve and/or insert a record
      • 15.11: Storing the friend relationship
      • 15.12: Three Kinds of Keys
      • 15.13: Using JOIN to retrieve data
      • 15.14: Degugging
      • 15.G: Using Databases and SQL (Glossary)
      • 15.S: Using Databases and SQL (Summary)
    • 16: Visualizing data
      • 16.1: Building a Google map from geocoded data
      • 16.2: Visualizing Networks and Interconnections
      • 16.3: Visualizing mail data
  • Book: Web Development and Programming (Mendez)
    • 1: Web Development
      • 1.1: Brief History of the Internet
      • 1.2: Current Trends
      • 1.3: Web Servers
      • 1.4: Network Basics
      • 1.5: Website Design
      • 1.6: Development
      • 1.E: Web Development (Exercises)
    • 2: Document Makeup
      • 2.1: Markup Languages
      • 2.2: Creating HTML Files
      • 2.3: Page Layout
      • 2.4: Text Layout
      • 2.5: Navigation
      • 2.6: Graphics
      • 2.7: Tables
      • 2.8: Forms
      • 2.9: Canvas
      • 2.10: Media Support
      • 2.11: Mobile Device Support
      • 2.12: Tags to Avoid
      • 2.13: Rule Structure
      • 2.14: Layout Formatting
        • 2.14.6: Positioning Demonstration
      • 2.15: Font and Text Decoration
      • 2.16: Responsive Styling
      • 2.E: Document Makeup (Exercise)
    • 3: Scripting Language
      • 3.1: Server-Side and Client-Side Scripting
      • 3.2: Creating PHP Files
      • 3.3: PHP Errors
      • 3.4: PHP Output
      • 3.5: Data Storage
      • 3.6: Data Manipulation
      • 3.7: Email
      • 3.8: File Interaction
      • 3.9: Structures
      • 3.10: Functions
      • 3.11: JavaScript Syntax
      • 3.12: JavaScript Examples
      • 3.13: jQuery
      • 3.E: Scripting Language (Exercises)
    • 4: Persistent Data Storage
      • 4.1: Database Types
      • 4.2: Data Relationships
      • 4.3: MySQL Data Types
      • 4.4: Normalization
      • 4.5: MySQL CRUD Actions
      • 4.6: Advanced Queries
      • 4.E: Persistent Data Storage (Exercises)
    • 5: Tying it Together
      • 5.1: Security
      • 5.2: Integration Examples
      • 5.3: Finishing Touches
      • 5.4: Now What?
    • Glossary of Terms
  • Book: Database Design (Watt and Eng)
    • About the Authors
    • About the Book
    • Acknowledgements
    • Appendix A University Registration Data Model Example
    • Appendix B Sample ERD Exercises
    • Appendix C SQL Lab with Solution
    • Chapter 10 ER Modelling
    • Chapter 11 Functional Dependencies
    • Chapter 12 Normalization
    • Chapter 13 Database Development Process
    • Chapter 14 Database Users
    • Chapter 15 SQL Structured Query Language
    • Chapter 16 SQL Data Manipulation Language
    • Chapter 1 Before the Advent of Database Systems
    • Chapter 2 Fundamental Concepts
    • Chapter 3 Characteristics and Benefits of a Database
    • Chapter 4 Types of Data Models
    • Chapter 5 Data Modelling
    • Chapter 6 Classification of Database Management Systems
    • Chapter 7 The Relational Data Model
    • Chapter 8 The Entity Relationship Data Model
    • Chapter 9 Integrity Rules and Constraints
    • Copyright
    • Cover
    • Preface
    • Table Of Contents
• Chemical Engineering
  • Supplemental Modules (Chemical Engineering)
    • Chlorosilane Chemistry
      • Elemental Silicon
      • Silicon-Carbon-Chlorine molecules
      • Silicon-Carbon-Oxygen molecules
      • Silicon-Chlorine Bonded Molecules
      • Silicon-Oxygen Bonded Molecules
    • Phase Relations
      • 1: Introduction and Purpose
        • 1.1: Introduction
        • 1.2: Why Study Phase Behavior?
        • 1.3: Summary
        • 1.4: Action Item
      • 2: Phase Diagrams, Part I
        • 2.1: Introduction
        • 2.2: Pure-component Systems
        • 2.3: Action Item
      • 3: Phase Diagrams, Part II
        • 3.1: Vapor Pressure Curve
        • 3.2: PV Diagram for Pure Systems
        • 3.3: Action Item
      • 4: Phase Diagrams, Part III
        • 4.1: Binary Systems
        • 4.2: Retrograde Phenomenon
        • 4.3: Action Item
      • 5: Phase Diagrams, Part IV
        • 5.1: Effect of Composition on Phase Behavior
        • 5.2: Px and Tx Diagrams
        • 5.3: The Lever Rule
        • 5.4: Ternary Systems
        • 5.5: Multicomponent Mixtures
        • 5.6: Action Item
      • 6: PT Behavior and Equations of State (EOS), Part I
        • 6.2: P-V-T Behavior
        • 6.3: Ideal Behavior
        • 6.4: Real Gases
        • 6.6: Action Item
        • 6.1: Introduction
        • 6.5: Summary
      • 7: PT Behavior and Equations of State (EOS), Part II
        • 7.1: The Compressibility (Z-Factor)
        • 7.2: Definition of Equation of State (EOS)
        • 7.3: Purpose and Historical Development
        • 7.4: The van der Waals EOS
        • 7.5: Action Item
      • 8: PT Behavior and Equations of State III
        • 8.1: Principle of Corresponding States (PCS)
        • 8.2: Acentric Factor and Corresponding States
        • 8.3: Action Item
      • 9: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior (I)
        • 9.1: Introduction
        • 9.2: The Cubic Behavior
        • 9.3: Implications of S-shaped curve (Sub-critical Conditions)
        • 9.4: Action Item
      • 10: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior (II)
        • 10.1: Multiple Roots and Cubic Behavior
        • 10.2: Modern Cubic EOS
        • 10.3: Redlich-Kwong EOS (1949)
        • 10.4: Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS (1972)
        • 10.5: Action Item
      • 11: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior (III)
        • 11.1: Peng-Robinson EOS (1976)
        • 11.2: Comparative Assessment of RK, SRK, and PR EOS
        • 11.3: Zc as a Measure of Goodness of an EOS
        • 11.4: Advantages of Using Cubic Equations of State
        • 11.5: Solution Techniques for Cubic Expressions and Root Finding
        • 11.6: Action Item
      • 12: Elementary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (I)
        • 12.1: Introduction
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 12.2: Types of VLE Problems
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 12.3: Formulation of the VLE Problem
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 12.4: Action Item
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
      • 13: Elementary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (II)
        • 13.1: Analysis of Objective Functions
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 13.2: Objective Function and Newton-Raphson Procedure
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 13.3: Do We Really Know Ki
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
        • 13.4: Action Item
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
      • 14: Thermodynamic Tools (I)
        • 14.1: Introduction
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
        • 14.2: Basic Definitions
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
        • 14.3: Thermodynamics of Systems of Constant Composition (Closed Systems)
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 14.4: Functions of State or State Functions
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 14.5: Mechanics of Manipulating a Function of State
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 14.6: Computing Property Changes in Closed Systems
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 14.7: Action Item
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
      • 15: Thermodynamic Tools (II)
        • 15.1: Homogeneous Functions, Euler's Theorem and Partial Molar Quantities
        • 15.2: Thermodynamics of Systems of Variable Composition (Open Multicomponent Systems)
        • 15.3: Action Item
      • 16: Thermodynamic Tools (III)
        • 16.1: The Chemical Potentials
        • 16.2: The Thermodynamic Concept of Equilibrium
        • 16.3: Fugacity
        • 16.4: Expressions for Fugacity Calculation
        • 16.5: Cubic EOS Fugacity Expressions
        • 16.6: Action Item
      • 17: Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium via EOS
        • 17.1: Introduction
        • 17.2: Equilibrium and Equilibrium Ratios (Ki)
        • 17.3: Solution Algorithms for VLE Problems
        • 17.4: Successive Substitution Method (SSM)
        • 17.5: The Accelerated Successive Substitution Method (ASSM)
        • 17.6: The Stability Criteria
        • 17.7: Action Item
      • 18: Properties of Natural Gas and Condensates (I)
        • 18.1: Introduction
        • 18.2: Molecular Weight
        • 18.3: Density
        • 18.4: Specific Gravity
        • 18.5: API
        • 18.6: Volumetric Factors (Bo and Bg)
        • 18.7: Isothermal Compressibilities
        • 18.8: Surface Tension
        • 18.9: Action Item
      • 19: Properties of Natural Gas and Condensates (II)
        • 19.1: Heat Capacities
        • 19.2: Joule-Thomson Coefficient
        • 19.3: Viscosity
        • 19.4: Action Item
      • 20: Engineering Applications (I)
        • 20.1: Introduction: Phase Behavior as the Quintessential Tool
        • 20.2: Design and Optimization of Separators
        • 20.3: Compositional Modeling of Gas-Condensate Reservoirs:The Zero-dimensional Approach
        • 20.4: Action Item
      • 21: Engineering Applications (II)
        • 21.1: Natural Gas Pipeline Modeling
        • 21.2: The Hydrate Problem
        • 21.3: Gas Metering
        • 21.4: Action Item
  • Book: Phase Relations
    • 1: Introduction and Purpose
      • 1.1: Introduction
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 1.2: Why Study Phase Behavior?
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 1.3: Summary
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 1.4: Action Item
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
    • 2: Phase Diagrams, Part I
      • 2.1: Introduction
      • 2.2: Pure-component Systems
      • 2.3: Action Item
    • 3: Phase Diagrams, Part II
      • 3.1: Vapor Pressure Curve
      • 3.2: PV Diagram for Pure Systems
      • 3.3: Action Item
    • 4: Phase Diagrams, Part III
      • 4.1: Binary Systems
      • 4.2: Retrograde Phenomenon
      • 4.3: Action Item
    • 5: Phase Diagrams, Part IV
      • 5.1: Effect of Composition on Phase Behavior
      • 5.2: Px and Tx Diagrams
      • 5.3: The Lever Rule
      • 5.4: Ternary Systems
      • 5.5: Multicomponent Mixtures
      • 5.6: Action Item
    • 6: PT Behavior and Equations of State (EOS), Part I
      • 6.2: P-V-T Behavior
      • 6.3: Ideal Behavior
      • 6.4: Real Gases
      • 6.6: Action Item
      • 6.1: Introduction
      • 6.5: Summary
    • 7: PT Behavior and Equations of State (EOS), Part II
      • 7.1: Z-Factor
      • 7.2: Definition of Equation of State (EOS)
      • 7.3: Purpose and Historical Development
      • 7.4: The van der Waals Equation
      • 7.5: Action Item
    • 8: PT Behavior and Equations of State III
      • 8.1: Principle of Corresponding States (PCS)
      • 8.2: Acentric Factor and Corresponding States
      • 8.3: Action Item
    • 9: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior (I)
      • 9.1: Introduction
      • 9.2: The Cubic Behavior
      • 9.3: Implications of S-shaped curve (Sub-critical Conditions)
      • 9.4: Action Item
    • 10: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior (II)
      • 10.1: Multiple Roots and Cubic Behavior
      • 10.2: Modern Cubic EOS
      • 10.3: Redlich-Kwong EOS (1949)
      • 10.4: Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS (1972)
      • 10.5: Action Item
    • 11: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior (III)
      • 11.1: Peng-Robinson EOS (1976)
      • 11.2: Comparative Assessment of RK, SRK, and PR EOS
      • 11.3: Zc as a Measure of Goodness of an EOS
      • 11.4: Advantages of Using Cubic Equations of State
      • 11.5: Solution Techniques for Cubic Expressions and Root Finding
      • 11.6: Action Item
    • 12: Elementary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (I)
      • 12.1: Introduction
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 12.2: Types of VLE Problems
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 12.3: Formulation of the VLE Problem
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 12.4: Action Item
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
    • 13: Elementary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (II)
      • 13.1: Analysis of Objective Functions
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 13.2: Objective Function and Newton-Raphson Procedure
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 13.3: Do We Really Know Ki
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
      • 13.4: Action Item
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
    • 14: Thermodynamic Tools (I)
      • 14.1: Introduction
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
      • 14.2: Basic Definitions
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
      • 14.3: Thermodynamics of Systems of Constant Composition (Closed Systems)
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 14.4: Functions of State or State Functions
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 14.5: Mechanics of Manipulating a Function of State
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 14.6: Computing Property Changes in Closed Systems
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 14.7: Action Item
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
    • 15: Thermodynamic Tools (II)
      • 15.1: Homogeneous Functions, Euler's Theorem and Partial Molar Quantities
      • 15.2: Thermodynamics of Systems of Variable Composition (Open Multicomponent Systems)
      • 15.3: Action Item
    • 16: Thermodynamic Tools (III)
      • 16.1: The Chemical Potentials
      • 16.2: The Thermodynamic Concept of Equilibrium
      • 16.3: Fugacity
      • 16.4: Expressions for Fugacity Calculation
      • 16.5: Cubic EOS Fugacity Expressions
      • 16.6: Action Item
    • 17: Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium via EOS
      • 17.1: Introduction
      • 17.2: Equilibrium and Equilibrium Ratios (Ki)
      • 17.3: Solution Algorithms for VLE Problems
      • 17.4: Successive Substitution Method (SSM)
      • 17.5: The Accelerated Successive Substitution Method (ASSM)
      • 17.6: The Stability Criteria
        • Administrator Guide
        • Getting Started
        • Knowledge Base
        • Known Issues
        • User Guide
      • 17.7: Action Item
    • 18: Properties of Natural Gas and Condensates (I)
      • 18.1: Introduction
      • 18.2: Molecular Weight
      • 18.3: Density
      • 18.4: Specific Gravity
      • 18.5: API
      • 18.6: Volumetric Factors (Bo and Bg)
      • 18.7: Isothermal Compressibilities
      • 18.8: Surface Tension
      • 18.9: Action Item
    • 19: Properties of Natural Gas and Condensates (II)
      • 19.1: Heat Capacities
      • 19.2: Joule-Thomson Coefficient
      • 19.3: Viscosity
      • 19.4: Action Item
    • 20: Engineering Applications (I)
      • 20.1: Introduction: Phase Behavior as the Quintessential Tool
      • 20.2: Design and Optimization of Separators
      • 20.3: Compositional Modeling of Gas-Condensate Reservoirs:The Zero-dimensional Approach
      • 20.4: Action Item
    • 21: Engineering Applications (II)
      • 21.1: Natural Gas Pipeline Modeling
      • 21.2: The Hydrate Problem
      • 21.3: Gas Metering
      • 21.4: Action Item
  • Map: Fluid Mechanics (Bar-Meir)
    • 1: Introduction to Fluids
      • 1.1: What is Fluid Mechanics?
      • 1.2: Brief History
      • 1.2: Thermodynamics
      • 1.3: Kinds of Fluids
        • Shear Stress
      • 1.4: Shear Stress
      • 1.5: Viscosity
        • 1.5.1: General Discussion
        • 1.5.2: Non-Newtonian Fluids
          • Kinematic Viscosity
        • 1.5.3: Kinematic Viscosity
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
        • 1.5.4: Estimation of the Viscosity
      • 1.6: Fluid Properties
        • 1.6.1: Fluid Density
        • 1.6.2: Bulk Modulus
          • 1.6.2.1: Bulk Modulus of Mixtures
          • 1.6.2.2: When the Bulk Modulus is Important? and Hydraulics System
      • 1.7: Surface Tension
        • 1.7.1: Wetting of Surfaces
          • 1.7.1.1: Capillarity
    • 2: Review of Thermodynamics
      • 2.1: Introductory Remarks
      • 2.2: Basic Definitions
      • 2.3: Thermodynamics First Law
      • 2.4: Thermodynamics Second Law
    • 3: Review of Mechanics
      • 3.1: Introductory Remarks
      • 3.2: Kinematics of a Point Body
      • 3.3: Center of Mass
        • 3.3.1: Actual Center of Mass
        • 3.3.2: Aproximate Center of Area
      • 3.4: Moment of Inertia
        • 3.4.1 Moment of Inertia for Mass
        • 3.4.2: Moment of Inertia for Area
          • 3.4.2.1: General Discussion
          • 3.4.2.2: The Parallel Axis Theorem
        • 3.4.3: Examples of Moment of Inertia
        • 3.4.4: Product of Inertia
        • 3.4.5: Principal Axes of Inertia
      • 3.5: Newton's Laws of Motion
      • 3.6: Angular Momentum and Torque
        • 3.6.1: Tables of geometries
    • 4: Fluids Statics
      • 4.1: Introduction
      • 4.2: The Hydrostatic Equation
      • 4.3: Pressure and Density in a Gravitational Field
        • 4.3.1: Constant Density in Gravitational Field
        • 4.3.2: Pressure Management
          • 4.3.2.1: Measuring the Atmospheric Pressure
          • 4.3.2.2: Pressure Measurement
          • 4.3.2.3 Magnified Pressure Measurement
        • 4.3.3 Varying Density in a Gravity Field
          • 4.3.3.1: Gas Phase under Hydrostatic Pressure
          • 4.3.3.2: Liquid Phase Under Hydrostatic Pressure
        • 4.3.4: The Pressure Effects Due To Temperature Variations
          • 4.3.4.1: The Basic Analysis
          • 4.3.4.2 The Stability Analysis
        • 4.3.5: Gravity Variations Effects on Pressure and Density
          • 4.3.5.1: Ideal Gas in Varying Gravity
          • 4.3.5.2: Real Gas in Varying Gravity
          • 4.3.5.3: Liquid Under Varying Gravity
        • 4.3.6 Liquid Phase
      • 4.4: Fluid in an Accelerated System
        • 4.4.1: Fluid in a Linearly Accelerated System
        • 4.4.2 Angular Acceleration Systems: Constant Density
        • 4.4.3: Fluid Statics in Geological System
      • 4.5: Fluid Forces on Surfaces
        • 4.5.1: Fluid Forces on Straight Surfaces
          • 4.5.1.1: Pressure Center
          • 4.5.1.2: Multiply Layers
        • 4.5.2: Forces on Curved Surfaces
      • 4.6: Buoyancy and Stability
        • 4.6.1: Stability
          • 4.6.1.1: Stability of Body with Shifting Mass Centroid
          • 4.6.1.2: Metacentric Height, \(\overline{GM}\), Measurement
          • 4.6.1.3 Stability of Submerged Bodies
          • 4.6.1.4: Stability of None Systematical or ``Strange'' Bodies
          • 4.6.1.5: Neutral frequency of Floating Bodies
        • 4.6.2: Surface Tension
      • 4.7: Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
      • 4.8: Qualitative questions
    • 5: The Control Volume and Mass Conservation
      • 5.1: Introduction
      • 5.2: Control Volume
      • 5.3: Continuity Equation
        • 5.3.1: Non Deformable Control Volume
        • 5.3.2: Constant Density Fluids
          • 5.3.2.1: Non Deformable Control Volume
          • 5.3.2.2: Deformable Control Volume
          • 5.3.2.3: One–Dimensional Control Volume
      • 5.4: Reynolds Transport Theorem
      • 5.5: Examples For Mass Conservation
      • 5.6: The Details Picture – Velocity Area Relationship
      • 5.7: More Examples for Mass Conservation
    • 6: Momentum Conservation for Control Volume
      • 6.1: Momentum Governing Equation
        • 6.1.1: Introduction to Continuous
        • 6.1.2: External Forces
        • 6.1.3: Momentum Governing Equation
        • 6.1.4: Momentum Equation in Acceleration System
        • 6.1.5: Momentum For Steady State and Uniform Flow
          • 6.1.5.1: Momentum for For Constant Pressure and Frictionless Flow
      • 6.2: Momentum Equation Application
        • 6.2.1: Momentum for Unsteady State and Uniform Flow
        • 6.2.2: Momentum Application to Unsteady State
      • 6.3: Conservation Moment Of Momentum
      • 6.4: More Examples on Momentum Conservation
        • 6.4.1: Qualitative Questions
    • 7: Energy Conservation
      • 7.1: The First Law of Thermodynamics
      • 7.2: Limitation of Integral Approach
      • 7.3 Approximation of Energy Equation
        • 7.3.1: Energy Equation in Steady State
        • 7.3.2: Energy Equation in Frictionless Flow and Steady State
      • 7.4: Energy Equation in Accelerated System
        • 7.4.1: Energy in Linear Acceleration Coordinate
        • 7.4.2: Linear Accelerated System
        • 7.4.3: Energy Equation in Rotating Coordinate System
        • 7.4.4: Simplified Energy Equation in Accelerated Coordinate
          • 7.4.4.1: Energy Equation in Accelerated Coordinate with Uniform Flow
        • 7.4.5: Energy Losses in Incompressible Flow
      • 7.5: Examples of Integral Energy Conservation
      • 7.6: Qualitative Questions
    • 8: Differential Analysis
      • 8.1: Introduction
      • 8.2: Mass Conservation
        • 8.2.1 Mass Conservation Examples
      • 8.3: Conservation of General Quantity
        • 8.3.1 Generalization of Mathematical Approach for Derivations
        • 8.3.2 Examples of Several Quantities
          • 8.3.2.1: The General Mass Time Derivative
      • 8.4: Momentum Conservation
      • 8.5: Derivations of the Momentum Equation
      • 8.6: Boundary Conditions and Driving Forces
        • 8.6.1 Boundary Conditions Categories
      • 8.7: Examples for Differential Equation (Navier-Stokes)
        • 8.7.1: Interfacial Instability
    • 9: Dimensional Analysis
      • 9.1 Introductory Remarks
        • 9.1.1: Brief History
        • 9.1.2: Theory Behind Dimensional Analysis
        • 9.1.3: Dimensional Parameters Application for Experimental Study
        • 9.1.4: The Pendulum Class Problem
      • 9.2: Buckingham–π–Theorem
        • 9.2.1: Construction of the Dimensionless Parameters
        • 9.2.2: Basic Units Blocks
        • 9.2.3: Implementation of Construction of Dimensionless Parameters
          • 9.2.3.1: One Shot Method: Constructing Dimensionless Parameters
          • 9.2.3.2: Building Blocks Method: Constructing Dimensional Parameters
          • 9.2.3.3 Mathematical Method: Constructing Dimensional Parameters
        • 9.2.4: Similarity and Similitude
      • 9.3 Nusselt's Technique
      • 9.4 Summary of Dimensionless Numbers
        • 9.4.1: The Significance of these Dimensionless Numbers
        • 9.4.2: Relationship Between Dimensionless Numbers
        • 9.4.3: Examples for Dimensional Analysis
      • 9.5 Summary
    • 10: Inviscid Flow or Potential Flow
      • 10.1 Introduction
        • 10.1.1: Inviscid Momentum Equations
      • 10.2
        • 10.2.1: Streamline and Stream function
        • 10.2.2: Compressible Flow Stream Function
          • 10.2.2.1: Stream Function in a Three Dimensions
        • 10.2.3: The Connection Between the Stream Function and the Potential Function
          • 10.2.3.1: Existences of Stream Functions
      • 10.3 Potential Flow Functions Inventory
        • 10.3.1: Flow Around a Circular Cylinder
          • 10.3.1.1: Adding Circulation to a Cylinder
      • 10.4 Conforming Mapping
        • 10.4.1: Complex Potential and Complex Velocity
      • 10.5 Unsteady State Bernoulli in Accelerated Coordinates
    • 11: Compressible Flow One Dimensional
      • 11.1 What is Compressible Flow?
      • 11.2 Why Compressible Flow is Important?
      • 11.3 Speed of Sound
        • 11.3.1: Introduction
        • 11.3.2: Speed of Sound in Ideal and Perfect Gases
        • 11.3.3: Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible Liquid
        • 11.3.4: Speed of Sound in Solids
        • 11.3.5: The Dimensional Effect of the Speed of Sound
      • 11.4 Isentropic Flow
        • 11.4.1: Stagnation State for Ideal Gas Model
        • 11.4.2: Isentropic Converging–Diverging Flow in Cross Section
        • 11.4.3: The Properties in the Adiabatic Nozzle
          • 11.4.3.1: The pressure Mach number relationship
          • 11.4.3.2: Relationship Between the Mach Number and Cross Section Area
        • 11.4.4: Isentropic Flow Examples
        • 11.4.5: Mass Flow Rate (Number)
        • 11.4.7: The Impulse Function
      • 11.5 Normal Shock
        • 11.5.1: Solution of the Governing Equations
          • 11.5.1.1: The Star Conditions
        • 11.5.2: Prandtl's Condition
        • 11.5.3: Operating Equations and Analysis
      • 11.6 Qualitative questions
        • 11.7 Isothermal Flow
      • 11.7 Isothermal Flow
        • 11.7.1: The Control Volume Analysis/Governing equations
        • 11.7.2: Dimensionless Representation
        • 11.7.3: The Entrance Limitation of Supersonic Branch
        • 11.7.4: Supersonic Branch
        • 11.7.5: Figures and Tables
        • 11.7.6: Isothermal Flow Examples
      • 11.7: Fanno Flow
        • 11.9.1: Introduction
        • 11.7.5
          • 11.7.5.1: Maximum Length for the Supersonic Flow
        • 11.7.6: Working Conditions
          • 11.7.6.1: Variations of The Tube Length (\(ld\)) Effects
          • 11.7.6.2: Fanno Flow Supersonic Branch
        • 11.7.7
          • 11.7.7.1: Choking explanation for pressure variation/reduction
        • 11.7.9: The Practical Questions and Examples of Subsonic branch
        • 11.7.11: Subsonic Fanno Flow for a Given \(M_1\) and Pressure Ratio
        • 11.7.12: More Examples of Fanno Flow
      • 11.8: The Table for Fanno Flow
      • 11.9: Rayleigh Flow
        • 11.9.1: Introduction
        • 11.9.2: Governing Equations
        • 11.9.3: Rayleigh Flow Tables and Figures
        • 11.9.4: Examples For Rayleigh Flow
    • 12: Compressible Flow 2–Dimensional
      • 12.1: Introduction
        • 12.1.1: Preface to Oblique Shock
          • 12.1.1.1: Introduction to Zero Inclination
      • 12.2: Oblique Shock
        • 12.2.1: Solution of Mach Angle
          • 12.2.1.1: Upstream Mach Number, \(M_1\), and Deflection Angle, \(\delta\)
        • 12.2.2: When No Oblique Shock Exist or the case of \(D>0\)
          • 12.2.2.1: Large deflection angle for given, \(M_1\)
          • 12.2.2.2: The case of \(D\geq 0\) or \(0 \geq\delta\)
          • 12.2.2.3: Upstream Mach Number, \(M_1\), and Shock Angle, \(\theta\)
          • 12.2.2.4: Given Two Angles, \(\delta\) and \(\theta\)
          • 12.2.2.5: Flow in a Semi–2D Shape
          • 12.2.2.6: Close and Far Views of the Oblique Shock
          • 12.2.2.7: Maximum Value of Oblique shock
          • 12.2.2.8: Oblique Shock Examples
        • 12.2.3: Application of Oblique Shock
      • 12.3: Prandtl-Meyer Function
        • 12.3.1: Introduction
        • 12.3.2: Geometrical Explanation
      • 12.4: The Maximum Turning Angle
      • 12.5: The Working Equations for the Prandtl-Meyer Function
      • 12.6: d'Alembert's Paradox
      • 12.7: Flat Body with an Angle of Attack
      • 12.8: Examples For Prandtl–Meyer Function
      • 12.9: Combination of the Oblique Shock and Isentropic Expansion
    • 13: Multi–Phase Flow
      • 13.1: Introduction
      • 13.2: History
      • 13.3: What to Expect From This Chapter
      • 13.4: Kind of Multi-Phase Flow
      • 13.5: Classification of Liquid-Liquid Flow Regimes
        • 13.5.1: Co–Current Flow
          • 13.5.1.1: Horizontal Flow
          • 13.5.1.2: Vertical Flow
          • 13.5.1.3: Vertical Flow Under Micro Gravity
      • 13.6: Multi–Phase Flow Variables Definitions
        • 13.6.1: Multi–Phase Averaged Variables Definitions
      • 13.7: Homogeneous Models
        • 13.7.1: Pressure Loss Components
          • 13.7.1.1: Friction Pressure Loss
          • 13.7.1.2: Acceleration Pressure Loss
          • 13.7.1.3: Gravity Pressure Loss
          • 13.7.1.4: Total Pressure Loss
        • 13.7.2: Lockhart Martinelli Model
      • 13.8: Solid–Liquid Flow
        • 13.8.1: Solid Particles with Heavier Density \(\rho_S>\rho_L\)
        • 13.8.2: Solid With Lighter Density \(\rho_S< \rho\) and With Gravity
      • 13.9: Counter–Current Flow
        • 13.9.1: Horizontal Counter–Current Flow
        • 13.9.2: Flooding and Reversal Flow
      • 13.10: Multi–Phase Conclusion
  • Book: Distillation Science (Coleman)
    • 1: Overview
    • 2: Vapor Pressure
    • 3: Critical Properties and Acentric Factor
    • 4: New Vapor Pressure Equation
    • 5: Equation of State
    • 6: Fugacity
    • 7: Liquid Activity Coefficients
    • 8: VLE Analysis Methods
    • 9: Putting It All Together
    • 10: Convergence Strategy
• Civil Engineering
  • Book: Introduction to Design Equity (Miller)
    • 1: Introduction
    • 2: Learning to Talk about Racism
    • 3: Why History Matters to Design Equity
    • 4: Health Equity and the Built Environment
    • 5: Transportation Equity
    • 6: Information Equity
    • 7: What is Design Thinking and What does it have to do with Equity?
    • 8: Discipline-Specific Professional Design Processes and Equity
    • Acknowledgements and Dedication
    • Copyright
    • Title Page
  • Book: Mapping, Society, and Technology (Manson)
    • 1: Maps, Society, and Technology
    • 2. Data
    • 3: Scale and Projections
    • 4: Design and Symbolization
    • 5: Simplification
    • 6: Analysis
    • 7: Lying With Maps
    • 8: Surveillance
    • 9: Social Maps
    • 10. Conclusion
• Electrical Engineering
  • Book: Electrical Engineering (Johnson)
    • 1: Introduction to Electrical Engineering
      • 1.1: Themes
      • 1.2: Signals Represent Information
      • 1.3: Structure of Communication Systems
      • 1.4: The Fundamental Signal
      • 1.5: Introduction Problems
    • 2: Signals and Systems
      • 2.1: Complex Numbers
      • 2.2: Elemental Signals
      • 2.3: Signal Decomposition
      • 2.4: Discrete-Time Signals
      • 2.5: Introduction to Systems
      • 2.6: Simple Systems
      • 2.7: Signals and Systems Problems
    • 3: Analog Signal Processing
      • 3.1: Voltage, Current, and Generic Circuit Elements
      • 3.2: Ideal Circuit Elements
      • 3.3: Ideal and Real-World Circuit Elements
      • 3.4: Electric Circuits and Interconnection Laws
      • 3.5: Power Dissipation in Resistor Circuits
      • 3.6: Series and Parallel Circuits
      • 3.7: Equivalent Circuits - Resistors and Sources
      • 3.8: Circuits with Capacitors and Inductors
      • 3.9: The Impedance Concept
      • 3.10: Time and Frequency Domains
      • 3.11: Power in the Frequency Domain
      • 3.12: Equivalent Circuits - Impedances and Sources
      • 3.13: Transfer Functions
      • 3.14: Designing Transfer Functions
      • 3.15: Formal Circuit Methods - Node Method
      • 3.16: Power Conservation in Circuits
      • 3.17: Electronics
      • 3.18: Dependent Sources
      • 3.19: Operational Amplifiers
      • 3.20: The Diode
      • 3.21: Analog Signal Processing Problems
    • 4: Frequency Domain
      • 4.1: Introduction to the Frequency Domain
      • 4.2: Complex Fourier Series
      • 4.3: Classic Fourier Series
      • 4.4: A Signal's Spectrum
      • 4.5: Fourier Series Approximation of Signals
      • 4.6: Encoding Information in the Frequency Domain
      • 4.7: Filtering Periodic Signals
      • 4.8: Derivation of the Fourier Transform
      • 4.9: Linear Time Invariant Systems
      • 4.10: Modeling the Speech Signal
      • 4.11: Frequency Domain Problems
    • 5: Digital Signal Processing
      • 5.1: Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
      • 5.2: Introduction to Computer Organization
      • 5.3: The Sampling Theorem
      • 5.4: Amplitude Quantization
      • 5.5: Discrete -Time Signals and Systems
      • 5.6: Discrete -Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
      • 5.7: Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFT)
      • 5.8: DFT - Computational Complexity
      • 5.9: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
      • 5.10: Spectrograms
      • 5.11: Discrete -Time Systems
      • 5.12: Discrete -Time Systems in the Time-Domain
      • 5.13: Discrete -Time Systems in the Frequency Domain
      • 5.14: Filtering in the Frequency Domain
      • 5.15: Efficiency of Frequency - Domain Filtering
      • 5.16: Discrete -Time Filtering of Analog Signals
      • 5.17: Digital Signal Processing Problems
    • 6: Information Communication
      • 6.1: Information Communication
      • 6.2: Types of Communication Channels
      • 6.3: Wireline Channels
      • 6.4: Wireless Channels
      • 6.5: Line-of-Sight Transmission
      • 6.6: The Ionosphere and Communications
      • 6.7: Communication with Satellites
      • 6.8: Noise and Interference
      • 6.9: Channel Models
      • 6.10: Baseband Communication
      • 6.11: Modulated Communication
      • 6.12: Signal-to-Noise Ratio of an Amplitude-Modulated Signal
      • 6.13: Digital Communication
      • 6.14: Binary Phase Shift Keying
      • 6.15: Frequency Shift Keying
      • 6.16: Digital Communication Receivers
      • 6.17: Digital Communication in the Presence of Noise
      • 6.18: Digital Communication System Properties
      • 6.19: Digital Channels
      • 6.20: Entropy
      • 6.21: Source Coding Theorem
      • 6.22: Compression and the Huffman Code
      • 6.23: Subtlies of Coding
      • 6.24: Channel Coding
      • 6.25: Repetition Codes
      • 6.26: Block Channel Coding
      • 6.27: Error-Correcting Codes - Hamming Distance
      • 6.28: Error-Correcting Codes - Channel Decoding
      • 6.29: Error-Correcting Codes - Hamming Codes
      • 6.30: Noisy Channel Coding Theorem
      • 6.31: Capacity of a Channel
      • 6.32: Comparison of Analog and Digital Communication
      • 6.33: Communication Networks
      • 6.34: Message Routing
      • 6.35: Network architectures and interconnection
      • 6.36: Ethernet
      • 6.37: Communication Protocols
      • 6.38: Information Communication Problems
    • 7: Appendix
      • 7.1: Decibels
      • 7.2: Permutations and Combinations
      • 7.3: Frequency Allocations
      • 7.4: Parseval's Theorem
      • 7.5: Fourier Transform Properties
  • Book: Electromagnetics I (Ellingson)
    • Preface
    • 1: Preliminary Concepts
      • 1.1: What is Electromagnetics?
      • 1.2: Electromagnetic Spectrum
      • 1.3: Fundamentals of Waves
      • 1.4: Guided and Unguided Waves
      • 1.5: Phasors
      • 1.6: Units
      • 1.7: Notation
    • 2: Electric and Magnetic Fields
      • 2.1: What is a Field?
      • 2.2: Electric Field Intensity
      • 2.3: Permittivity
      • 2.4: Electric Flux Density
      • 2.5: Magnetic Flux Density
      • 2.6: Permeability
      • 2.7: Magnetic Field Intensity
      • 2.8: Electromagnetic Properties of Materials
    • 3: Transmission Lines
      • 3.1: Introduction to Transmission Lines
      • 3.2: Types of Transmission Lines
      • 3.3: Transmission Lines as Two-Port Devices
      • 3.4: Lumped-Element Model
      • 3.5: Telegrapher’s Equations
      • 3.6: Wave Equation for a TEM Transmission Line
      • 3.7: Characteristic Impedance
      • 3.8: Wave Propagation on a TEM Transmission Line
      • 3.9: Lossless and Low-Loss Transmission Lines
      • 3.10: Coaxial Line
      • 3.11: Microstrip Line
      • 3.12: Voltage Reflection Coefficient
      • 3.13: Standing Waves
      • 3.14: Standing Wave Ratio
      • 3.15: Input Impedance of a Terminated Lossless Transmission Line
      • 3.16: Input Impedance for Open- and Short-Circuit Terminations
      • 3.17: Applications of Open- and Short-Circuited Transmission Line Stubs
      • 3.18: Measurement of Transmission Line Characteristics
      • 3.19: Quarter-Wavelength Transmission Line
      • 3.20: Power Flow on Transmission Lines
      • 3.21: Impedance Matching - General Considerations
      • 3.22: Single-Reactance Matching
      • 3.23: Single-Stub Matching
    • 4: Vector Analysis
      • 4.1: Vector Arithmetic
      • 4.2: Cartesian Coordinates
      • 4.3: Cylindrical Coordinates
      • 4.4: Spherical Coordinates
      • 4.5: Gradient
      • 4.6: Divergence
      • 4.7: Divergence Theorem
      • 4.8: Curl
      • 4.9: Stokes' Theorem
      • 4.10: The Laplacian Operator
    • 5: Electrostatics
      • 5.1: Coulomb’s Law
      • 5.2: Electric Field Due to Point Charges
      • 5.3: Charge Distributions
      • 5.4: Electric Field Due to a Continuous Distribution of Charge
      • 5.5: Gauss’ Law - Integral Form
      • 5.6: Electric Field Due to an Infinite Line Charge using Gauss’ Law
      • 5.7: Gauss’ Law - Differential Form
      • 5.8: Force, Energy, and Potential Difference
      • 5.9: Independence of Path
      • 5.10: Kirchoff’s Voltage Law for Electrostatics - Integral Form
      • 5.11: Kirchoff’s Voltage Law for Electrostatics - Differential Form
      • 5.12: Electric Potential Field Due to Point Charges
      • 5.13: Electric Potential Field due to a Continuous Distribution of Charge
      • 5.14: Electric Field as the Gradient of Potential
      • 5.15: Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations
      • 5.16: Potential Field Within a Parallel Plate Capacitor
      • 5.17: Boundary Conditions on the Electric Field Intensity (E)
      • 5.18: Boundary Conditions on the Electric Flux Density (D)
      • 5.19: Charge and Electric Field for a Perfectly Conducting Region
      • 5.20: Dielectric Media
      • 5.21: Dielectric Breakdown
      • 5.22: Capacitance
      • 5.23: The Thin Parallel Plate Capacitor
      • 5.24: Capacitance of a Coaxial Structure
      • 5.25: Electrostatic Energy
    • 6: Steady Current and Conductivity
      • 6.1: Convection and Conduction Currents
      • 6.2: Current Distributions
      • 6.3: Conductivity
      • 6.4: Resistance
      • 6.5: Conductance
      • 6.6: Power Dissipation in Conducting Media
    • 7: Magnetostatics
      • 7.1: Comparison of Electrostatics and Magnetostatics
      • 7.2: Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields - Integral Form
      • 7.3: Gauss’ Law for Magnetism - Differential Form
      • 7.4: Ampere’s Circuital Law (Magnetostatics) - Integral Form
      • 7.5: Magnetic Field of an Infinitely-Long Straight Current-Bearing Wire
      • 7.6: Magnetic Field Inside a Straight Coil
      • 7.7: Magnetic Field of a Toroidal Coil
      • 7.8: Magnetic Field of an Infinite Current Sheet
      • 7.9: Ampere’s Law (Magnetostatics) - Differential Form
      • 7.10: Boundary Conditions on the Magnetic Flux Density (B)
      • 7.11: Boundary Conditions on the Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
      • 7.12: Inductance
      • 7.13: Inductance of a Straight Coil
      • 7.14: Inductance of a Coaxial Structure
      • 7.15: Magnetic Energy
      • 7.16: Magnetic Materials
    • 8: Time-Varying Fields
      • 8.1: Comparison of Static and Time-Varying Electromagnetics
      • 8.2: Electromagnetic Induction
      • 8.3: Faraday’s Law
      • 8.4: Induction in a Motionless Loop
      • 8.5: Transformers - Principle of Operation
      • 8.6: Transformers as Two-Port Devices
      • 8.7: The Electric Generator
      • 8.8: The Maxwell-Faraday Equation
      • 8.9: Displacement Current and Ampere’s Law
    • 9: Plane Waves in Loseless Media
      • 9.1: Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Phasor Form
      • 9.2: Wave Equations for Source-Free and Lossless Regions
      • 9.3: Types of Waves
      • 9.4: Uniform Plane Waves - Derivation
      • 9.5: Uniform Plane Waves - Characteristics
      • 9.6: Wave Polarization
      • 9.7: Wave Power in a Lossless Medium
    • Appendices
      • Appendix A1: Permittivity of Some Common Materials
      • Appendix A2: Permeability of Some Common Materials
      • Appendix A3: Conductivity of Some Common Materials
      • Appendix B1: Mathematical Formulas - Trigonometry
      • Appendix B2: Mathematical Formulas - Vector Operators
      • Appendix B3: Mathematical Formulas - Vector Identities
      • Appendix C: Physical Constants
  • Book: Fast Fourier Transforms (Burrus)
    • 1: Fast Fourier Transforms
      • Introduction
    • 2: Multidimensional Index Mapping
      • 2.1: Introduction
      • 2.2: The Index Map
      • 2.3: In-Place Calculation of the DFT and Scrambling
      • 2.4: Efficiencies Resulting from Index Mapping with the DFT
      • 2.5: The FFT as a Recursive Evaluation of the DFT
    • 3: Polynomial Description of Signals
      • 3.1: Introduction
      • 3.2: Polynomial Reduction and the Chinese Remainder Theorem
      • 3.3: The DFT as a Polynomial Evaluation
    • 4: The DFT as Convolution or Filtering
      • 4.1: Introduction
      • 4.2: Rader's Conversion of the DFT into Convolution
      • 4.3: The Chirp Z-Transform or Bluestein's Algorithm
      • 4.4: Goertzel's Algorithm or A Better DFT Algorithm
      • 4.5: The Quick Fourier Transform (QFT)
    • 5: Factoring the Signal Processing Operators
      • 5.1: Introduction
      • 5.2: The FFT from Factoring the DFT Operator
      • 5.3: Algebraic Theory of Signal Processing Algorithms
    • 6: Winograd's Short DFT Algorithms
      • 6.1: Introduction
      • 6.2: Winograd Fourier Transform Algorithm (WFTA)
      • 6.3: The Bilinear Structure
      • 6.4: Winograd's Complexity Theorems
      • 6.5: The Automatic Generation of Winograd's Short DFTs
    • 7: DFT and FFT - An Algebraic View
      • 7.1: Introduction
      • 7.2: Polynomial Algebras and the DFT
      • 7.3: Algebraic Derivation of the Cooley-Tukey FFT
      • 7.4: Discussion and Further Reading
    • 8: The Cooley-Tukey Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm
      • 8.1: Introduction
      • 8.2: Basic Cooley-Tukey FFT
      • 8.3: Modifications to the Basic Cooley-Tukey FFT
      • 8.4: The Split-Radix FFT Algorithm
      • 8.5: Evaluation of the Cooley-Tukey FFT Algorithms
      • 8.6: The Quick Fourier Transform - An FFT based on Symmetries
    • 9: The Prime Factor and Winograd Fourier Transform Algorithms
      • 9.1: Introduction
      • 9.2: The Prime Factor Algorithm
      • 9.3: The Winograd Fourier Transform Algorithm
      • 9.4: Modifications of the PFA and WFTA Type Algorithms
      • 9.5: Evaluation of the PFA and WFTA
    • 10: Implementing FFTs in Practice
      • 10.1: Introduction
      • 10.2: Review of the Cooley-Tukey FFT
      • 10.3: Goals and Background of the FFTW Project
      • 10.4: FFTs and the Memory Hierarchy
      • 10.5: Adaptive Composition of FFT Algorithms
      • 10.6: Generating Small FFT Kernels
      • 10.7: SIMD instructions
      • 10.8: Numerical Accuracy in FFTs
      • 10.9: Concluding Remarks
    • 11: Algorithms for Data with Restrictions
      • 11.1: Introduction
      • 11.2: Various Approaches to Developing Special Methods
      • 11.3: Special Algorithms for input Data that is mostly Zero
    • 12: Convolution Algorithms
      • 12.1: Introduction
      • 12.2: Fast Convolution by Overlap-Add and Overlap-Save
      • 12.3: Block Processing - a Generalization of Overlap Methods
      • 12.4: Direct Fast Convolution and Rectangular Transforms
      • 12.5: Number Theoretic Transforms for Convolution
    • 13: Comments and Conclusion
      • 13.1: Comments
      • 13.2: Conclusion
    • 14: Appendix
      • 14.1: Appendix 1 - FFT Flowgraphs
      • 14.2: Appendix 2 - Operation Counts for General Length FFT
      • 14.3: Appendix 3 - FFT Computer Programs
      • 14.4: Appendix 4 - Programs for Short FFTs
• Materials Science
  • Supplemental Modules (Materials Science)
    • Electronic Properties
      • Brillouin Zones
      • Compton Effect
      • Debye Model For Specific Heat
      • Density of States
      • Electron-Hole Recombination
      • Energy bands in solids and their calculations
      • Fermi Energy and Fermi Surface
      • Ferroelectricity
      • Hall Effect
      • Ladder Operators
      • Lattice Vibrations
      • Piezoelectricity
      • Real and Reciprocal Crystal Lattices
      • Resistivity
      • Solving the Ultraviolet Catastrophe
      • Thermocouples
      • Thermoelectrics
      • X-ray diffraction, Bragg's law and Laue equation
    • Magnetic Properties
      • Antiferromagnetism
      • Diamagnetism
      • Ferrimagnetism
      • Ferromagnetism
      • Magnetic Domains
      • Magnetic Hysteresis
      • Magnetic Memory
      • Magnetostriction
      • Meissner Effect
      • Superparamagnetism
    • Optical Properties
      • Dielectric Polarization
      • Dispersion Relation
      • Fiber Optics
      • Metallic Reflection
      • Optical Computing
      • Plasma Displays
      • Polarization of Waves
      • Snell's Law
    • Polymer Chemistry
      • Polymer Chemistry: Chemical Composition
        • Polymer Chemistry: Intermolecular Forces
        • Polymer Chemistry: Pendant Groups
        • Polymer Chemistry: Polymerization Reactions
        • Polymer Chemistry: Stiffening Groups
      • Polymer Chemistry: Experimental Methods
        • Polymer Chemistry: Polymer Density
        • Polymer Chemistry: Tensile Testing
        • Polymer Chemistry - Differential Scanning Calorimetry
      • Polymer Chemistry: Isomerism
      • Polymer Chemistry: Mechanical Properties
      • Polymer Chemistry: Molecular Weight Averages
      • Polymer Chemistry: Morphology
        • Polymer Chemistry: Classification of Polymers
        • Polymer Chemistry: Crystallization Tendency
        • Polymer Chemistry: Polymer Crystallinity
      • Polymer Chemistry: Topology
      • Polymer Chemistry: Transitions
        • Polymer Chemistry: Crystal Melting Transition
        • Polymer Chemistry: Factors Influencing Tg
        • Polymer Chemistry: The Glass Transition
    • Materials and Devices
      • Bipolar Junction Transistor
      • Conductive Polymers
      • Metal Oxide Semiconductors
      • Multi-junction Photovoltaics
      • Organic Solar Cells
      • Solar Cells
    • Metals
      • Band Theory of Metals and Insultators
      • Iron
      • Superconductivity
    • Semiconductors
      • Band Theory of Semiconductors
      • Extrinsic Semiconductors
      • Fermi level
      • Intrinsic Semiconductors
      • Intrinsic Semiconductors II
      • Light Emitting Diodes
      • Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistor
      • Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Fundamentals
      • Metal-Semiconductors Contacts
      • Nonideal PN Junction Diodes
      • Plasmon Resonance
      • Quantum Dots
    • Insulators
      • Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
      • Glass (Amorphous Solids)
      • Polymeric Thin Film Dielectrics
    • The Science of Solar
      • 2. Advanced
      • Appendix
        • Periodic Table of the Elements
      • Solar Basics
        • A. Introductory Physics for Solar Application
          • I. Atoms and Materials
            • 1. Basics of Quantum Theory
            • 2. Photovoltaic Effect
            • 3. Atoms and Orbitals
            • 4. Covalent Bonds
            • 5. Crystalline Structures and Semiconductors
          • II. Electricity
            • 1. Charge Carriers and the Electric Field
            • 2. Voltage Potential
            • 3. Electric Current
            • 4. Circuits (Resistors and Capacitors)
            • 5. Diodes
        • B. Basics of the Sun
          • I. Properties of Light
            • 1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
            • 2. Photon Energy and Flux
            • 3. Spectral Irradiance
            • 4. Radiant Power Density
          • II. The Sun As a Source of Radiation
            • 1. Black Body Radiation
            • 2. Nuclear Fusion
            • 3. Convection and Solar Radiation
          • III. Solar Radiation Outside the Earth's Atmosphere
          • IV. Atmospheric Effects on Solar Intensity
          • V. Air Mass
          • VI. The Sun's Motion
          • VII. Radiation Capture at the Surface
        • C. Semiconductors and Solar Interactions
          • I. Basic Properties of Semiconductors
            • 1. Electron Excitation and Holes
            • 2. Bond Model of a Group IV Semiconductor
            • 3. Band Gaps
            • 4. Fermi Energy Levels
          • II. Conduction in Semiconductors
            • 1. Intrinsic Carrier Concentration
            • 2. Impurities in Semiconductors
            • 3. Equilibrium Carrier Concentration
            • 4: Carrier Drift and Mobility
            • 5. Diffusion Current
          • III. Absorption of Light and Generation
            • 1. Absorption Coefficient and Penetration Depth
            • 2. Direct Semiconductors
            • 3. Indirect Semiconductors
            • 4. Other Absorption Processes
          • IV. Recombination of Charge Carriers
            • 1. Lifetime and Doping
            • 2. Radiative (Band-to-Band) Recombination
            • 3. Auger Recombination
            • 4. Recombination with Defect Levels (Shockley-Read-Hall)
          • V. Equations of Device Physics
        • D. P-N Junction Diodes
          • I. P-Type, N-Type Semiconductors
          • II. P-N Junction
            • 1. Open-Circuit Properties
            • 2. Space Charge Region Width and Capacitance
            • 3: Reverse Bias
            • 4. Forward Bias
          • III. Ideal Diode Equation
          • IV. Behaviors of the p-n Junction
            • 1. Dark Characteristics
            • 2. Illuminated Characteristics
        • E. Solar Cell Operation
          • I. Ideal Solar Cells
            • 1. Solar Cell Structure
            • 2. Light Generated Current
            • 3. Collection Probability
            • 4. Quantum Efficiency
            • 5. Spectral Response
          • II. Solar Cell Parameters
            • 1. Current-Voltage Characteristic of an Infinite Solar Cell
            • 2. Short-Circuit Current
            • 3. Open Circuit Voltage
            • 4. Fill Factor
            • 5. Efficiency
          • III. Resistive Effects
        • F. Solar Cell Efficiency
        • G. Monocrystalline
          • I. Efficiency Strategies
          • II. Material Design
        • H. Thin Films
        • I. Organic
          • I. Efficiency Strategies
  • TLP Library Vol. 1
    • 1: Analysis of Deformation Processes
      • 1: Introduction to Analysis of Deformation Processes
      • 2: Lévy-Mises Equations
      • 3: Slip Line Field Theory
      • 4: Work Formula Method
      • 5: Limit Analysis
      • Finite Element Method
      • Hencky Relations
    • 2: Introduction to Anisotropy
      • 1: Introduction
      • 2: Mechanical analogy of anisotropic response
      • 3: Anisotropic thermal conductivity
      • 4: Derivation of the anisotropy ellipsoid
      • 5: Anisotropic electrical conductivity
      • 6: Anisotropic diffusion
      • 7: Anisotropic dielectric permittivity
      • 8: Optical anisotropy and the optical indicatrix
      • 9: Liquid crystals
      • Summary
      • test
    • 3: Atomic Force Microscopy
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    • 4: Atomic Scale Structure of Materials
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    • 5: Avoidance of Crystallization in Biological Systems
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    • 6: Batteries
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    • 7: Bending and Torsion of Beams
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    • 8: Brillouin Zones
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    • 9: Brittle Fracture
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    • 10: Casting
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    • 11: Coating mechanics
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    • 12: Creep Deformation of Metals
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    • 13: Crystallinity in polymers
      • Section 1:
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    • 14: Crystallographic Texture
      • Section 1:
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    • 15: Crystallography
      • Section 1:
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    • 16: Deformation of honeycombs and foams
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    • 17: Introduction to Deformation Processes
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    • 18: Dielectric materials
      • Section 1:
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    • 19: Diffraction and imaging
      • Section 1:
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    • 20: Diffusion
      • 20.1: Fick's First Law of Diffusion
      • 20.4: Fick's Second Law of Diffusion
      • Applications of Diffusion
      • Interdiffusion
      • Microstructural Effects
      • Temperature Effects
  • TLP Library Vol. 2
    • Chapter 1
      • Section 1:
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    • Chapter 2
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    • Chapter 3
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    • Chapter 4
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    • Chapter 5
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    • Chapter 6
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    • Chapter 7
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    • Chapter 8
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    • Chapter 9
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    • Chapter 10
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    • Chapter 11
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    • Chapter 12
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    • Chapter 13
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    • Chapter 14
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    • Chapter 15
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    • Chapter 16
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    • Chapter 17
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    • Chapter 18
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    • Chapter 19
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    • Chapter 20
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