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• Chemical Engineering
  • Supplemental Modules (Chemical Engineering)
    • Chlorosilane Chemistry
      • Elemental Silicon
      • Silicon-Carbon-Chlorine molecules
      • Silicon-Carbon-Oxygen molecules
      • Silicon-Chlorine Bonded Molecules
      • Silicon-Oxygen Bonded Molecules
  • Book: Phase Relations in Reservoir Engineering (Adewumi)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Introduction and Purpose
      • 1.1: Introduction
      • 1.2: Why Study Phase Behavior?
      • 1.3: Summary
      • 1.4: Action Item
    • 2: Phase Diagrams I
      • 2.1: Introduction
      • 2.2: Pure-component Systems
      • 2.3: Action Item
    • 3: Phase Diagrams II
      • 3.1: Vapor Pressure Curve
      • 3.2: PV Diagram for Pure Systems
      • 3.3: Action Item
    • 4: Phase Diagrams III
      • 4.1: Binary Systems
      • 4.2: Retrograde Phenomenon
      • 4.3: Action Item
    • 5: Phase Diagrams IV
      • 5.1: Effect of Composition on Phase Behavior
      • 5.2: Px and Tx Diagrams
      • 5.3: The Lever Rule
      • 5.4: Ternary Systems
      • 5.5: Multicomponent Mixtures
      • 5.6: Action Item
    • 6: PT Behavior and Equations of State (EOS) I
      • 6.1: Introduction
      • 6.2: P-V-T Behavior
      • 6.3: Ideal Behavior
      • 6.4: Real Gases
      • 6.5: Summary
      • 6.6: Action Item
    • 7: PT Behavior and Equations of State (EOS) II
      • 7.1: Z-Factor
      • 7.2: Definition of Equation of State (EOS)
      • 7.3: Purpose and Historical Development
      • 7.4: The van der Waals Equation
      • 7.5: Action Item
    • 8: PT Behavior and Equations of State III
      • 8.1: Principle of Corresponding States (PCS)
      • 8.2: Acentric Factor and Corresponding States
      • 8.3: Action Item
    • 9: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior I
      • 9.1: Introduction
      • 9.2: The Cubic Behavior
      • 9.3: Implications of S-shaped curve (Sub-critical Conditions)
      • 9.4: Action Item
    • 10: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior II
      • 10.1: Multiple Roots and Cubic Behavior
      • 10.2: Modern Cubic EOS
      • 10.3: Redlich-Kwong EOS (1949)
      • 10.4: Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS (1972)
      • 10.5: Action Item
    • 11: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior III
      • 11.1: Peng-Robinson EOS (1976)
      • 11.2: Comparative Assessment of RK, SRK, and PR EOS
      • 11.3: Critical Compressibility as a Measure of Goodness of an EOS
      • 11.4: Advantages of Using Cubic Equations of State
      • 11.5: Solution Techniques for Cubic Expressions and Root Finding
      • 11.6: Action Item
    • 12: Elementary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium I
      • 12.1: Introduction
      • 12.2: Types of VLE Problems
      • 12.3: Formulation of the VLE Problem
      • 12.4: Action Item
    • 13: Elementary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium II
      • 13.1: Analysis of Objective Functions
      • 13.2: Objective Function and Newton-Raphson Procedure
      • 13.3: Do We Really Know Ki
      • 13.4: Action Item
    • 14: Thermodynamic Tools I
      • 14.1: Introduction
      • 14.2: Basic Definitions
      • 14.3: Thermodynamics of Systems of Constant Composition (Closed Systems)
      • 14.4: Functions of State or State Functions
      • 14.5: Mechanics of Manipulating a Function of State
      • 14.6: Computing Property Changes in Closed Systems
      • 14.7: Action Item
    • 15: Thermodynamic Tools II
      • 15.1: Homogeneous Functions, Euler's Theorem and Partial Molar Quantities
      • 15.2: Thermodynamics of Systems of Variable Composition (Open Multicomponent Systems)
      • 15.3: Action Item
    • 16: Thermodynamic Tools III
      • 16.1: The Chemical Potentials
      • 16.2: The Thermodynamic Concept of Equilibrium
      • 16.3: Fugacity
      • 16.4: Expressions for Fugacity Calculation
      • 16.5: Cubic EOS Fugacity Expressions
      • 16.6: Action Item
    • 17: Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium via EOS
      • 17.1: Introduction
      • 17.2: Equilibrium and Equilibrium Ratios (Ki)
      • 17.3: Solution Algorithms for VLE Problems
      • 17.4: Successive Substitution Method (SSM)
      • 17.5: The Accelerated Successive Substitution Method (ASSM)
      • 17.6: The Stability Criteria
      • 17.7: Action Item
    • 18: Properties of Natural Gas and Condensates I
      • 18.1: Molecular Weight
      • 18.2: Density
      • 18.3: Specific Gravity
      • 18.4: API Gravity
      • 18.5: Volumetric Factors (Bo and Bg)
      • 18.6: Isothermal Compressibilities
      • 18.7: Surface Tension
      • 18.8: Action Item
    • 19: Properties of Natural Gas and Condensates II
      • 19.1: Heat Capacities
      • 19.2: Joule-Thomson Coefficient
      • 19.3: Viscosity
      • 19.4: Action Item
    • 20: Engineering Applications I
      • 20.1: Introduction- Phase Behavior as the Quintessential Tool
      • 20.2: Design and Optimization of Separators
      • 20.3: Compositional Modeling of Gas-Condensate Reservoirs-The Zero-dimensional Approach
      • 20.4: Action Item
    • 21: Engineering Applications II
      • 21.1: Natural Gas Pipeline Modeling
      • 21.2: The Hydrate Problem
      • 21.3: Gas Metering
      • 21.4: Action Item
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Book: Distillation Science (Coleman)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Overview
    • 2: Vapor Pressure
    • 3: Critical Properties and Acentric Factor
    • 4: New Vapor Pressure Equation
    • 5: Equation of State
    • 6: Fugacity
    • 7: Liquid Activity Coefficients
    • 8: VLE Analysis Methods
    • 9: Putting It All Together
    • 10: Convergence Strategy
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Chemical Process Dynamics and Controls (Under Construction)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Overview
      • 1.1: Introduction to Controls- Background and design methodology
      • 1.2: Introduction to DCS- Control system hardware
      • 1.3: Current Significance- Process controls and you
      • 1.4: Failures in Process Control- Bhopal, Three Mile Island
      • 1.5: Process Controls in Everyday Life- Applying process control thinking to everyday situations
    • 2: Modeling Basics
      • 2.1: Verbal Modeling- process description, control specifications, and connections
      • 2.2: Degrees of Freedom- importance, calculation procedure, and examples
      • 2.3: Incidence Graphs- interpretations, consistency, and inconsistency
      • 2.4: Excel modeling- logical models, optimization with solver for nonlinear regression, sampling random numbers
      • 2.5: Noise modeling- more detailed information on noise modeling- white, pink, and brown noise, pops and crackles
      • 2.6: Numerical ODE solving in Excel- Euler’s method, Runge Kutta, Dead time in ODE solving
      • 2.7: Solving ODEs with Mathematica- How to find numerical and analytical solutions to ODEs with Mathematica
      • 2.8: Fitting ODE parameters to data using Excel- Using regression to fit complex models in Excel
      • 2.9: Helpful Mathematica Syntax- Hints on how to use Mathematica to model chemical processes
    • 3: Sensors and Actuators
      • 3.1: Control systems- Measurement Devices
      • 3.2: Temperature Sensors
      • 3.3: Pressure Sensors
      • 3.4: Level Sensors
      • 3.5: Flow Sensors
      • 3.6: Composition Sensors
      • 3.7: pH and Viscosity Sensors
      • 3.8: Miscellaneous Sensors
      • 3.9: Valves - Types, Kinds, and Selection
      • 3.10: Valves - Modeling Dynamics
    • 4: Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams
      • 4.1: PandID General Information
      • 4.2: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Standard Notation
      • 4.3: Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams- Location of Controls and Standard Control Structures
      • 4.4: Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams - Standard Pitfalls
      • 4.5: Safety Features in Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams
      • 4.6: Regulatory Agencies and Compliance
    • 5: Logical Modeling
      • 5.1: Boolean Models - Truth Tables and State Transition Diagrams
      • 5.2: Logical control programs- IF... THEN… WHILE…
    • 6: Modeling Case Studies
      • 6.1: Surge Tank Model
      • 6.2: Heated Surge Tank
      • 6.3: Bacterial Chemostat
      • 6.4: ODE and Excel CSTR model with heat exchange
      • 6.5: ODE and Excel model of a Simple Distillation Column
      • 6.6: ODE and Excel model of a Heat Exchanger
      • 6.7: ODE and Excel Model of an Adiabatic PFR
      • 6.8: Modeling and PID Controller Example - Cruise Control for an Electric Vehicle
      • 6.9: Blood Glucose Control in Diabetic Patients
    • 7: Mathematics for Control Systems
      • 7.1: Dirac delta (impulse) function
      • 7.2: First-order differential equations
      • 7.3: Second-order differential equations
      • 7.4: Taylor Series
      • 7.5: Laplace Transforms
    • 8: Optimization
      • 8.1: Optimization
      • 8.2: Linear Optimization
      • 8.3: Non-linear Optimization
    • 9: Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Control
      • 9.1: Constructing Block Diagrams- Visualizing control measurements
      • 9.2: P, I, D, PI, PD, and PID control
      • 9.3: PID Tuning via Classical Methods
      • 9.4: PID tuning via Frequency Responses with Bode Plots
      • 9.5: PID tuning via optimization
      • 9.6: PID Downsides and Solutions
    • 10: Dynamical Systems Analysis
      • 10.1: Finding fixed points in ODEs and Boolean models
      • 10.2: Linearizing ODEs
      • 10.3: Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
      • 10.4: Using eigenvalues and eigenvectors to find stability and solve ODEs
      • 10.5: Phase Plane Analysis - Attractors, Spirals, and Limit cycles
      • 10.6: Root locus plots- effect of tuning
      • 10.7: Routh stability- ranges of parameter values that are stable
    • 11: Control Architectures
      • 11.1: Feedback control- What is it? When useful? When not? Common usage.
      • 11.2: Feed forward control- What is it? When useful? When not? Common usage.
      • 11.3: Cascade control- What is it? When useful? When not? Common usage.
      • 11.4: Ratio control- What is it? When useful? When not? Common usage.
      • 11.5: Common control loops and model for liquid pressure and liquid level
      • 11.6: Common control loops and model for temperature control
      • 11.7: Common control architectures and model for reactors
    • 12: MIMO Control
      • 12.1: Determining if a system can be decoupled
      • 12.2: MIMO control using RGA
      • 12.3: MIMO using model predictive control
      • 12.4: Neural Networks for automatic model construction
      • 12.5: Understanding MIMO Control Through Two Tanks Interaction
    • 13: Statistics and Probability Background
      • 13.1: Basic statistics- mean, median, average, standard deviation, z-scores, and p-value
      • 13.2: SPC- Basic Control Charts- Theory and Construction, Sample Size, X-Bar, R charts, S charts
      • 13.3: Six Sigma- What is it and what does it mean?
      • 13.4: Bayes Rule, conditional probability, independence
      • 13.5: Bayesian network theory
      • 13.6: Learning and analyzing Bayesian networks with Genie
      • 13.7: Occasionally dishonest casino?- Markov chains and hidden Markov models
      • 13.8: Continuous Distributions- normal and exponential
      • 13.9: Discrete Distributions- hypergeometric, binomial, and poisson
      • 13.10: Multinomial Distributions
      • 13.11: Comparisons of two means
      • 13.12: Factor analysis and ANOVA
      • 13.13: Correlation and mutual information
      • 13.14: Random sampling from a stationary Gaussian process
    • 14: Design of Experiments
      • 14.1: Design of Experiments via Taguchi Methods - Orthogonal Arrays
      • 14.2: Design of experiments via factorial designs
      • 14.3: Design of Experiments via Random Design
      • 14.4: Summary- Summary on Control Architectures’ philosophies, advantages, and disadvantages.
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Book: All Things Flow - Fluid Mechanics for the Natural Sciences (Smyth)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
    • 1: Introduction
      • 1.1: Preface
      • 1.2: What is a fluid? The continuum hypothesis
    • 2: Review of Elementary Linear Algebra
      • 2.1: Scalars and vectors
      • 2.2: Matrices
      • 2.3: Systems of linear equations
      • 2.4: Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
    • 3: Cartesian Vectors and Tensors
      • 3.1: Measuring space with Cartesian coordinates
      • 3.2: Vectors and Scalars
      • 3.3: Cartesian Tensors
    • 4: Tensor Calculus
      • 4.1: Vector calculus operations
      • 4.2: Flux and divergence
      • 4.3: Vorticity and Circulation
    • 5: Fluid Kinematics
      • 5.1: Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions
      • 5.2: The Streamfunction
      • 5.3: Rotation and strain- the relative motion of two nearby particles
      • 5.4: Pancakes and noodles- the geometry of turbulence
    • 6: Fluid Dynamics
      • 6.1: The Leibniz rule
      • 6.2: Mass conservation
      • 6.3: Momentum conservation
      • 6.4: Energy conservation in a Newtonian fluid
      • 6.5: The temperature (heat) equation
      • 6.6: Equations of state
      • 6.7: The advection-diffusion equation for a scalar concentration
      • 6.8: Summary: the equations of motion
      • 6.9: Boundary conditions
      • 6.10: Solution methods
    • 7: Vortices
      • 7.1: Introduction
      • 7.2: Vortex dynamics in a homogeneous, inviscid fluid
      • 7.3: Viscous effects
      • 7.4: Buoyancy effects- the baroclinic torque
    • 8: Waves
      • 8.1: Introduction
      • 8.2: The Dispersion Relation
      • 8.3: Superposition phenomena
      • 8.4: Limiting cases
    • 9: Nonlinear, Hydrostatic Flow Over Topography
      • 9.1: Introduction
      • 9.2: Hydraulic Control
      • 9.3: Hydraulic jumps and bores
      • 9.4: Flood waves in a turbulent river
    • 10: Postface
    • 11: Exercises
    • 12: Appendix A- Taylor Series Expansions
    • 13: Appendix B- Torque and the Moment of Inertia
      • 13.1: B.1- Torque
      • 13.2: B.2- The moment of inertia tensor
    • 14: Appendix C- Isotropic Tensors
      • 14.1: C.1- Infintesimal Rotations
      • 14.2: C.2- 1st-order isotropic tensors
      • 14.3: C.3- 2nd-order isotropic tensors
      • 14.4: C.4 3rd-Order Isotropic Tensors
      • 14.5: C.5 4th-order isotropic tensors
    • 15: Appendix D- The Leva-Cevita Alternating Tensor
      • 15.1: D.1 A completely antisymmetric, three dimensional array
      • 15.2: D.2 The \(\epsilon\)-\(\delta\) relation
      • 15.3: D.3 Applications of \(\epsilon\)
    • 16: Appendix E- Vector Identities
    • 17: Appendix F- The Cauchy Stress Tensor
      • 17.1: F.1 Local Equilibrium
      • 17.2: F.2 Stress on a tilted plane
      • 17.3: F.3 Symmetry of the stress tensor
    • 18: Appendix G- Boussinesq Approximation
      • 18.1: G.1 The Navier-Stokes equation for nearly-uniform density
      • 18.2: G.2 Alternative derivation
    • 19: Appendix H- Bernoulli's Equation
    • 20: Appendix I- Vector Operations in Curvilinear Coordinates
      • 20.1: I.1 Cylindrical coordinates
      • 20.2: I.2 Spherical coordinates
    • 21: Appendix J- The Stokes Drift
    • Back Matter
      • Bibliography
  • Map: Fluid Mechanics (Bar-Meir)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Introduction to Fluids
      • 1.1: What is Fluid Mechanics?
      • 1.2: Brief History
      • 1.2: Thermodynamics
      • 1.3: Kinds of Fluids
        • Shear Stress
      • 1.4: Shear Stress
      • 1.5: Viscosity
        • 1.5.1: General Discussion
        • 1.5.2: Non-Newtonian Fluids
          • Kinematic Viscosity
        • 1.5.3: Kinematic Viscosity
        • 1.5.4: Estimation of the Viscosity
      • 1.6: Fluid Properties
        • 1.6.1: Fluid Density
        • 1.6.2: Bulk Modulus
          • 1.6.2.1: Bulk Modulus of Mixtures
          • 1.6.2.2: When the Bulk Modulus is Important? and Hydraulics System
      • 1.7: Surface Tension
        • 1.7.1: Wetting of Surfaces
          • 1.7.1.1: Capillarity
    • 2: Review of Thermodynamics
      • 2.1: Introductory Remarks
      • 2.2: Basic Definitions
      • 2.3: Thermodynamics First Law
      • 2.4: Thermodynamics Second Law
    • 3: Review of Mechanics
      • 3.1: Introductory Remarks
      • 3.2: Kinematics of a Point Body
      • 3.3: Center of Mass
        • 3.3.1: Actual Center of Mass
        • 3.3.2: Aproximate Center of Area
      • 3.4: Moment of Inertia
        • 3.4.1 Moment of Inertia for Mass
        • 3.4.2: Moment of Inertia for Area
          • 3.4.2.1: General Discussion
          • 3.4.2.2: The Parallel Axis Theorem
        • 3.4.3: Examples of Moment of Inertia
        • 3.4.4: Product of Inertia
        • 3.4.5: Principal Axes of Inertia
      • 3.5: Newton's Laws of Motion
      • 3.6: Angular Momentum and Torque
        • 3.6.1: Tables of geometries
    • 4: Fluids Statics
      • 4.1: Introduction
      • 4.2: The Hydrostatic Equation
      • 4.3: Pressure and Density in a Gravitational Field
        • 4.3.1: Constant Density in Gravitational Field
        • 4.3.2: Pressure Management
          • 4.3.2.1: Measuring the Atmospheric Pressure
          • 4.3.2.2: Pressure Measurement
          • 4.3.2.3 Magnified Pressure Measurement
        • 4.3.3 Varying Density in a Gravity Field
          • 4.3.3.1: Gas Phase under Hydrostatic Pressure
          • 4.3.3.2: Liquid Phase Under Hydrostatic Pressure
        • 4.3.4: The Pressure Effects Due To Temperature Variations
          • 4.3.4.1: The Basic Analysis
          • 4.3.4.2 The Stability Analysis
        • 4.3.5: Gravity Variations Effects on Pressure and Density
          • 4.3.5.1: Ideal Gas in Varying Gravity
          • 4.3.5.2: Real Gas in Varying Gravity
          • 4.3.5.3: Liquid Under Varying Gravity
        • 4.3.6 Liquid Phase
      • 4.4: Fluid in an Accelerated System
        • 4.4.1: Fluid in a Linearly Accelerated System
        • 4.4.2 Angular Acceleration Systems: Constant Density
        • 4.4.3: Fluid Statics in Geological System
      • 4.5: Fluid Forces on Surfaces
        • 4.5.1: Fluid Forces on Straight Surfaces
          • 4.5.1.1: Pressure Center
          • 4.5.1.2: Multiply Layers
        • 4.5.2: Forces on Curved Surfaces
      • 4.6: Buoyancy and Stability
        • 4.6.1: Stability
          • 4.6.1.1: Stability of Body with Shifting Mass Centroid
          • 4.6.1.2: Metacentric Height, \(\overline{GM}\), Measurement
          • 4.6.1.3 Stability of Submerged Bodies
          • 4.6.1.4: Stability of None Systematical or ``Strange'' Bodies
          • 4.6.1.5: Neutral frequency of Floating Bodies
        • 4.6.2: Surface Tension
      • 4.7: Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
      • 4.8: Qualitative questions
    • 5: The Control Volume and Mass Conservation
      • 5.1: Introduction
      • 5.2: Control Volume
      • 5.3: Continuity Equation
        • 5.3.1: Non Deformable Control Volume
        • 5.3.2: Constant Density Fluids
          • 5.3.2.1: Non Deformable Control Volume
          • 5.3.2.2: Deformable Control Volume
          • 5.3.2.3: One–Dimensional Control Volume
      • 5.4: Reynolds Transport Theorem
      • 5.5: Examples For Mass Conservation
      • 5.6: The Details Picture – Velocity Area Relationship
      • 5.7: More Examples for Mass Conservation
    • 6: Momentum Conservation for Control Volume
      • 6.1: Momentum Governing Equation
        • 6.1.1: Introduction to Continuous
        • 6.1.2: External Forces
        • 6.1.3: Momentum Governing Equation
        • 6.1.4: Momentum Equation in Acceleration System
        • 6.1.5: Momentum For Steady State and Uniform Flow
          • 6.1.5.1: Momentum for For Constant Pressure and Frictionless Flow
      • 6.2: Momentum Equation Application
        • 6.2.1: Momentum for Unsteady State and Uniform Flow
        • 6.2.2: Momentum Application to Unsteady State
      • 6.3: Conservation Moment Of Momentum
      • 6.4: More Examples on Momentum Conservation
        • 6.4.1: Qualitative Questions
    • 7: Energy Conservation
      • 7.1: The First Law of Thermodynamics
      • 7.2: Limitation of Integral Approach
      • 7.3 Approximation of Energy Equation
        • 7.3.1: Energy Equation in Steady State
        • 7.3.2: Energy Equation in Frictionless Flow and Steady State
      • 7.4: Energy Equation in Accelerated System
        • 7.4.1: Energy in Linear Acceleration Coordinate
        • 7.4.2: Linear Accelerated System
        • 7.4.3: Energy Equation in Rotating Coordinate System
        • 7.4.4: Simplified Energy Equation in Accelerated Coordinate
          • 7.4.4.1: Energy Equation in Accelerated Coordinate with Uniform Flow
        • 7.4.5: Energy Losses in Incompressible Flow
      • 7.5: Examples of Integral Energy Conservation
      • 7.6: Qualitative Questions
    • 8: Differential Analysis
      • 8.1: Introduction
      • 8.2: Mass Conservation
        • 8.2.1 Mass Conservation Examples
      • 8.3: Conservation of General Quantity
        • 8.3.1 Generalization of Mathematical Approach for Derivations
        • 8.3.2 Examples of Several Quantities
          • 8.3.2.1: The General Mass Time Derivative
      • 8.4: Momentum Conservation
      • 8.5: Derivations of the Momentum Equation
      • 8.6: Boundary Conditions and Driving Forces
        • 8.6.1 Boundary Conditions Categories
      • 8.7: Examples for Differential Equation (Navier-Stokes)
        • 8.7.1: Interfacial Instability
    • 9: Dimensional Analysis
      • 9.1 Introductory Remarks
        • 9.1.1: Brief History
        • 9.1.2: Theory Behind Dimensional Analysis
        • 9.1.3: Dimensional Parameters Application for Experimental Study
        • 9.1.4: The Pendulum Class Problem
      • 9.2: Buckingham–π–Theorem
        • 9.2.1: Construction of the Dimensionless Parameters
        • 9.2.2: Basic Units Blocks
        • 9.2.3: Implementation of Construction of Dimensionless Parameters
          • 9.2.3.1: One Shot Method: Constructing Dimensionless Parameters
          • 9.2.3.2: Building Blocks Method: Constructing Dimensional Parameters
          • 9.2.3.3 Mathematical Method: Constructing Dimensional Parameters
        • 9.2.4: Similarity and Similitude
      • 9.3: Nusselt's Technique
      • 9.4 Summary of Dimensionless Numbers
        • 9.4.1: The Significance of these Dimensionless Numbers
        • 9.4.2: Relationship Between Dimensionless Numbers
        • 9.4.3: Examples for Dimensional Analysis
      • 9.5 Summary
    • 10: Inviscid Flow or Potential Flow
      • 10.1 Introduction
        • 10.1.1: Inviscid Momentum Equations
      • 10.2
        • 10.2.1: Streamline and Stream function
        • 10.2.2: Compressible Flow Stream Function
          • 10.2.2.1: Stream Function in a Three Dimensions
        • 10.2.3: The Connection Between the Stream Function and the Potential Function
          • 10.2.3.1: Existences of Stream Functions
      • 10.3 Potential Flow Functions Inventory
        • 10.3.1: Flow Around a Circular Cylinder
          • 10.3.1.1: Adding Circulation to a Cylinder
      • 10.4 Conforming Mapping
        • 10.4.1: Complex Potential and Complex Velocity
      • 10.5 Unsteady State Bernoulli in Accelerated Coordinates
    • 11: Compressible Flow One Dimensional
      • 11.1 What is Compressible Flow?
      • 11.2 Why Compressible Flow is Important?
      • 11.3 Speed of Sound
        • 11.3.1: Introduction
        • 11.3.2: Speed of Sound in Ideal and Perfect Gases
        • 11.3.3: Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible Liquid
        • 11.3.4: Speed of Sound in Solids
        • 11.3.5: The Dimensional Effect of the Speed of Sound
      • 11.4 Isentropic Flow
        • 11.4.1: Stagnation State for Ideal Gas Model
        • 11.4.2: Isentropic Converging–Diverging Flow in Cross Section
        • 11.4.3: The Properties in the Adiabatic Nozzle
          • 11.4.3.1: The pressure Mach number relationship
          • 11.4.3.2: Relationship Between the Mach Number and Cross Section Area
        • 11.4.4: Isentropic Flow Examples
        • 11.4.5: Mass Flow Rate (Number)
        • 11.4.7: The Impulse Function
      • 11.5 Normal Shock
        • 11.5.1: Solution of the Governing Equations
          • 11.5.1.1: The Star Conditions
        • 11.5.2: Prandtl's Condition
        • 11.5.3: Operating Equations and Analysis
      • 11.6 Qualitative questions
        • 11.7 Isothermal Flow
      • 11.7 Isothermal Flow
        • 11.7.1: The Control Volume Analysis/Governing equations
        • 11.7.2: Dimensionless Representation
        • 11.7.3: The Entrance Limitation of Supersonic Branch
        • 11.7.4: Supersonic Branch
        • 11.7.5: Figures and Tables
        • 11.7.6: Isothermal Flow Examples
      • 11.7: Fanno Flow
        • 11.9.1: Introduction
        • 11.7.5
          • 11.7.5.1: Maximum Length for the Supersonic Flow
        • 11.7.6: Working Conditions
          • 11.7.6.1: Variations of The Tube Length (\(ld\)) Effects
          • 11.7.6.2: Fanno Flow Supersonic Branch
        • 11.7.7
          • 11.7.7.1: Choking explanation for pressure variation/reduction
        • 11.7.9: The Practical Questions and Examples of Subsonic branch
        • 11.7.11: Subsonic Fanno Flow for a Given \(M_1\) and Pressure Ratio
        • 11.7.12: More Examples of Fanno Flow
      • 11.8: The Table for Fanno Flow
      • 11.9: Rayleigh Flow
        • 11.9.1: Introduction
        • 11.9.2: Governing Equations
        • 11.9.3: Rayleigh Flow Tables and Figures
        • 11.9.4: Examples For Rayleigh Flow
    • 12: Compressible Flow 2–Dimensional
      • 12.1: Introduction
        • 12.1.1: Preface to Oblique Shock
          • 12.1.1.1: Introduction to Zero Inclination
      • 12.2: Oblique Shock
        • 12.2.1: Solution of Mach Angle
          • 12.2.1.1: Upstream Mach Number, \(M_1\), and Deflection Angle, \(\delta\)
        • 12.2.2: When No Oblique Shock Exist or the case of \(D>0\)
          • 12.2.2.1: Large deflection angle for given, \(M_1\)
          • 12.2.2.2: The case of \(D\geq 0\) or \(0 \geq\delta\)
          • 12.2.2.3: Upstream Mach Number, \(M_1\), and Shock Angle, \(\theta\)
          • 12.2.2.4: Given Two Angles, \(\delta\) and \(\theta\)
          • 12.2.2.5: Flow in a Semi–2D Shape
          • 12.2.2.6: Close and Far Views of the Oblique Shock
          • 12.2.2.7: Maximum Value of Oblique shock
          • 12.2.2.8: Oblique Shock Examples
        • 12.2.3: Application of Oblique Shock
      • 12.3: Prandtl-Meyer Function
        • 12.3.1: Introduction
        • 12.3.2: Geometrical Explanation
      • 12.4: The Maximum Turning Angle
      • 12.5: The Working Equations for the Prandtl-Meyer Function
      • 12.6: d'Alembert's Paradox
      • 12.7: Flat Body with an Angle of Attack
      • 12.8: Examples For Prandtl–Meyer Function
      • 12.9: Combination of the Oblique Shock and Isentropic Expansion
    • 13: Multi–Phase Flow
      • 13.1: Introduction
      • 13.2: History
      • 13.3: What to Expect From This Chapter
      • 13.4: Kind of Multi-Phase Flow
      • 13.5: Classification of Liquid-Liquid Flow Regimes
        • 13.5.1: Co–Current Flow
          • 13.5.1.1: Horizontal Flow
          • 13.5.1.2: Vertical Flow
          • 13.5.1.3: Vertical Flow Under Micro Gravity
      • 13.6: Multi–Phase Flow Variables Definitions
        • 13.6.1: Multi–Phase Averaged Variables Definitions
      • 13.7: Homogeneous Models
        • 13.7.1: Pressure Loss Components
          • 13.7.1.1: Friction Pressure Loss
          • 13.7.1.2: Acceleration Pressure Loss
          • 13.7.1.3: Gravity Pressure Loss
          • 13.7.1.4: Total Pressure Loss
        • 13.7.2: Lockhart Martinelli Model
      • 13.8: Solid–Liquid Flow
        • 13.8.1: Solid Particles with Heavier Density \(\rho_S>\rho_L\)
        • 13.8.2: Solid With Lighter Density \(\rho_S< \rho\) and With Gravity
      • 13.9: Counter–Current Flow
        • 13.9.1: Horizontal Counter–Current Flow
        • 13.9.2: Flooding and Reversal Flow
      • 13.10: Multi–Phase Conclusion
    • Back Matter
      • Index
• Civil Engineering
  • Book: Building Information - Representation and Management - Fundamentals and Principles
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
    • 1: Digitization
      • 1.1: Digital information
    • 2: Building Representation
      • 2.1: Representation
      • 2.2: Analogue representations
      • 2.3: Building representations in BIM
    • 3: Information: theory and management
      • 3.1: Data and information
      • 3.2: Information management
      • 3.3: Process and information
    • 4: Exercises
      • 4.1: Key concepts
      • 4.2: Exercise I: maintenance
      • 4.3: Exercise II: change management
      • 4.4: Exercise III: circular energy transition
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Book: Introduction to Design Equity (Miller)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
      • Acknowledgements and Dedication
    • 1: Introduction
    • 2: Learning to Talk about Racism
    • 3: Why History Matters to Design Equity
    • 4: Health Equity and the Built Environment
    • 5: Transportation Equity
    • 6: Information Equity
    • 7: What is Design Thinking and What does it have to do with Equity?
    • 8: Discipline-Specific Professional Design Processes and Equity
    • Back Matter
      • Index
• Computer Science
  • Book: Foundations of Computation (Critchlow and Eck)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Logic and Proof
      • 1.1: Propositional Logic
      • 1.2: Boolen Algebra
      • 1.3: Application - Logic Circuits
      • 1.4: Predicates and Quantifiers
      • 1.5: Deduction
      • 1.6: Proof
      • 1.7: Proof by Contradiction
      • 1.8: Mathematical Induction
      • 1.9: Application- Recursion and Induction
      • 1.10: Recursive Definitions
    • 2: Sets, Functions, and Relations
      • 2.1: Basic Concepts
      • 2.2: The Boolean Algebra of Sets
      • 2.3: Application- Programming with Sets
      • 2.4: Functions
      • 2.5: Application- Programming with Functions
      • 2.6: Counting Past Infinity
      • 2.7: Relations
      • 2.8: Relational Databases
    • 3: Regular Expressions and FSA's
      • 3.1: Languages
      • 3.2: Regular Expressions
      • 3.3: Using Regular Expressions
      • 3.4: Finite-State Automata
      • 3.5: Nondeterministic Finite-State Automata
      • 3.6: Finite-State Automata and Regular Lan- guages
      • 3.7: Non-regular Languages
    • 4: Grammars
      • 4.1: Context-free Grammars
      • 4.2: Application - BNF
      • 4.3: Parsing and Parse Trees
      • 4.4: Pushdown Automata
      • 4.5: Non-context-free Languages
      • 4.6: General Grammars
    • 5: Turing Machines and Computability
      • 5.1: Turing Machines
      • 5.2: Computability
      • 5.3: The Limits of Computation
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Book: Programming Fundamentals (Busbee and Braunschweig)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Introduction to Programming
      • 1.1: Systems Development Life Cycle
      • 1.2: Program Design
      • 1.3: Program Quality
      • 1.4: Pseudocode
      • 1.5: Flowcharts
      • 1.6: Software Testing
      • 1.7: Integrated Development Environment
      • 1.8: Version Control
      • 1.9: Input and Output
      • 1.10: Hello World
      • 1.11: C++ Examples
      • 1.12: C# Examples
      • 1.13: Java Examples
      • 1.14: JavaScript Examples
      • 1.15: Python Examples
      • 1.16: Swift Examples
      • 1.17: Practice- Introduction to Programming
    • 2: Data and Operators
      • 2.1: Constants and Variables
      • 2.2: JavaScript Examples
      • 2.3: Python Examples
      • 2.4: Swift Examples
      • 2.5: Practice- Data and Operators
      • 2.6: Identifier Names
      • 2.7: Data Types
      • 2.8: Integer Data Type
      • 2.9: Floating-Point Data Type
      • 2.10: String Data Type
      • 2.11: Boolean Data Type
      • 2.12: Nothing Data Type
      • 2.13: Order of Operations
      • 2.14: Assignment
      • 2.15: Arithmetic Operators
      • 2.16: Integer Division and Modulus
      • 2.17: Unary Operations
      • 2.18: Lvalue and Rvalue
      • 2.19: Data Type Conversions
      • 2.20: Input-Process-Output Model
      • 2.21: C++ Examples
      • 2.22: C# Examples
      • 2.23: Java Examples
    • 3: Functions
      • 3.1: Modular Programming
      • 3.2: Hierarchy or Structure Chart
      • 3.3: Function Examples
      • 3.4: Parameters and Arguments
      • 3.5: Call by Value vs. Call by Reference
      • 3.6: Return Statement
      • 3.7: Void Data Type
      • 3.8: Scope
      • 3.9: Programming Style
      • 3.10: Standard Libraries
      • 3.11: C++ Examples
      • 3.12: C# Examples
      • 3.13: Java Examples
      • 3.14: JavaScript Examples
      • 3.15: Python Examples
      • 3.16: Swift Examples
      • 3.17: Practice- Functions
    • 4: Conditions
      • 4.1: Structured Programming
      • 4.2: Selection Control Structures
      • 4.3: If Then Else
      • 4.4: Code Blocks
      • 4.5: Relational Operators
      • 4.6: Assignment vs Equality
      • 4.7: Logical Operators
      • 4.8: Nested If Then Else
      • 4.9: Case Control Structure
      • 4.10: Condition Examples
      • 4.11: C++ Examples
      • 4.12: C# Examples
      • 4.13: Java Examples
      • 4.14: JavaScript Examples
      • 4.15: Python Examples
      • 4.16: Swift Examples
      • 4.17: Practice- Conditions
    • 5: Loops
      • 5.1: Iteration Control Structures
      • 5.2: While Loop
      • 5.3: Do While Loop
      • 5.4: Flag Concept
      • 5.5: For Loop
      • 5.6: Branching Statements
      • 5.7: Increment and Decrement Operators
      • 5.8: Integer Overflow
      • 5.9: Nested For Loops
      • 5.10: Loop Examples
      • 5.11: C++ Examples
      • 5.12: C# Examples
      • 5.13: Java Examples
      • 5.14: JavaScript Examples
      • 5.15: Python Examples
      • 5.16: Swift Examples
      • 5.17: Practice- Loops
    • 6: Arrays and Lists
      • 6.1: Arrays and Lists
      • 6.2: Index Notation
      • 6.3: Displaying Array Members
      • 6.4: Arrays and Functions
      • 6.5: Math Statistics with Arrays
      • 6.6: Searching Arrays
      • 6.7: Sorting Arrays
      • 6.8: Parallel Arrays
      • 6.9: Multidimensional Arrays
      • 6.10: Dynamic Arrays
      • 6.11: C++ Examples
      • 6.12: C# Examples
      • 6.13: Java Examples
      • 6.14: JavaScript Examples
      • 6.15: Python Examples
      • 6.16: Swift Examples
      • 6.17: Practice- Arrays and Lists
    • 7: Strings and Files
      • 7.1: Strings
      • 7.2: String Functions
      • 7.3: String Formatting
      • 7.4: File Input and Output
      • 7.5: Loading an Array from a Text File
      • 7.6: C++ Examples
      • 7.7: C# Examples
      • 7.8: Java Examples
      • 7.9: JavaScript Examples
      • 7.10: Python Examples
      • 7.11: Swift Examples
      • 7.12: Practice- Strings and Files
    • 8: Object-Oriented Programming
      • 8.1: Objects and Classes
      • 8.2: Encapsulation
      • 8.3: Inheritance and Polymorphism
      • 8.4: C++ Examples
      • 8.5: C# Examples
      • 8.6: Java Examples
      • 8.7: JavaScript Examples
      • 8.8: Python Examples
      • 8.9: Swift Examples
      • 8.10: Practice
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Book: Delftse Foundations of Computation
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
    • 1: Introduction
      • 1.1: Introduction
    • 2: Logic
      • 2.1: Propositional Logic
        • 2.1.1: 2.1.A Propositions
        • 2.1.2: 2.1.B Logical operators
        • 2.1.3: 2.1.C Precedence rules
        • 2.1.4: 2.1.D Logical equivalence
        • 2.1.5: 2.1.E More logical operaters
        • 2.1.6: 2.1.F Implications in English
        • 2.1.7: 2.1.G More forms of implication
        • 2.1.8: 2.1.H Exclusive or
        • 2.1.9: 2.1.I Universal operators
        • 2.1.10: 2.1.J Classifying propositions
      • 2.2: Boolean Algebra
        • 2.2.1: 2.2.A Basics of Boolean Algebra
        • 2.2.2: 2.2.B Substitution laws
        • 2.2.3: 2.2.C Simplifications
        • 2.2.4: 2.2.D More rules of Boolean algebra
      • 2.3: Logic Circuits
        • 2.3.1: 2.3.A Logic gates
        • 2.3.2: 2.3.B Combining gates to create circuits
        • 2.3.3: 2.3.C From circuits to propositions
        • 2.3.4: 2.3.D Disjunctive Normal Form
        • 2.3.5: 2.3.E Binary addition
      • 2.4: Predicate Logic
        • 2.4.1: 2.4.B Quantifiers
        • 2.4.2: 2.4.C Operators
        • 2.4.3: 2.4.D Tarski’s world and formal structures
        • 2.4.4: 2.4.E Logical equivalence
        • 2.4A: Predicates
      • 2.5: 2.5 Deduction
        • 2.5.1: 2.5.B Valid arguments and proofs
        • 2.5.2: 2.5.C Proofs in predicate logic
        • 2.5A: Arguments
      • 2.6: Logic
    • 3: Proof
      • 3.1: A Little Historial Background
      • 3.2: 3.2.C Examples
      • 3.3: Mathematical Proof
        • 3.3.1: How to write a proof
        • 3.3.2: Some terminology
      • 3.4: Proof by Contradiction
      • 3.5: Mathematical Induction
        • 3.5.1: How to write a proof by induction
        • 3.5.2: Examples
        • 3.5.3: More examples
      • 3.6: Strong Mathematical Induction
      • 3.7: Application - Recursion and Induction
        • 3.7.1: Recursive factorials
        • 3.7.2: Towers of Hanoi
        • 3.7.3: Binary trees
      • 3.8: Recursive Definitions
      • 3.9: Invariants
    • 4: Sets, Functions, and Relations
      • 4.1: Basic Concepts
        • 4.1.1: Elements of sets
        • 4.1.2: Set-builder notation
        • 4.1.3: Operations on sets
        • 4.1.4: Visualising sets
        • 4.1.5: Sets of sets
        • 4.1.6: Mathematical induction revisited
        • 4.1.7: Structural Induction
      • 4.2: 4.2 The Boolean Algebra of Sets
        • 4.2.1: Set Complement
        • 4.2.2: Link between logic and set theory
      • 4.3: Programming with Sets
        • 4.3.1: Representing sets
        • 4.3.2: Computing with sets
      • 4.4: Functions
        • 4.4.1: Formalizing the notion of functions
        • 4.4.2: Operations on functions
        • 4.4.3: Properties of functions
        • 4.4.4: First-class objects
      • 4.5: Programming with Functions
        • 4.5.1: Functions as first-class objects
      • 4.6: Counting Past Infinity
        • 4.6.1: Cardinality
        • 4.6.2: Counting to infinity
        • 4.6.3: Uncountable sets
        • 4.6.4: A final note on infinities
      • 4.7: Relations
        • 4.7.1: Properties of relations
        • 4.7.2: Equivalence relations
      • 4.8: Relational Databases
    • 5: Looking Beyond
      • 5.1: Further Reading
      • 5.2: Section 2-
      • 5.3: Section 3-
      • 5.4: Section 4-
      • 5.5: Section 5-
      • 5.6: Section 6-
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Book: Programming Fundamentals - A Modular Structured Approach using C++ (Busbee)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Introduction, Preface and Syllabus
      • 1.1: Preface
      • 1.2: Author Acknowledgements
      • 1.3: Orientation and Syllabus
      • 1.4: Sharing/Rating Connexions Materials
    • 2: Introduction to Programming
      • 2.1: Systems Development Life Cycle
      • 2.2: Visual Studio Code IDE/MinGW C++ Compiler
      • 2.3: Modularization and C++ Program Layout
      • 2.4: Practice 1 Introduction to Programming
    • 3: Program Planning and Design
      • 3.1: Program Design
      • 3.2: Psuedocode
      • 3.3: Test Data
      • 3.4: Practice 2 Program Planning and Design
    • 4: Data and Operators
      • 4.1: Data Types in C++
      • 4.2: Identifier Names
      • 4.3: Constants and Variables
      • 4.4: Data Manipulation
      • 4.5: Assignment Operator
      • 4.6: Arithmetric Operators
      • 4.7: Data Type Conversions
      • 4.8: Practice 3 Data and Operators
    • 5: Often Used Data Types
      • 5.1: Integer Data Type
      • 5.2: Floating-Point Data Type
      • 5.3: String Data Type
      • 5.4: Arithmetic Assignment Operators
      • 5.5: L Value and R Value
      • 5.6: Interger Division and Modulus
      • 5.7: Practice 4 Often Used Data Types
    • 6: Integrated Development Environment
      • 6.1: Introduction to IDEs
      • 6.2: Standard Input and Output
      • 6.3: Compiler Directives
      • 6.4: Practice 5 Integrated Development Environment
    • 7: Program Control Functions
      • 7.1: Psuedocode Examples for Functions
      • 7.2: Hierarchy or Structure Chart
      • 7.3: Program Control Functions
      • 7.4: Void Data Type
      • 7.5: Documentation and Making Source Code Readable
      • 7.6: Practice 6 Program Control Functions
    • 8: Specific Task Functions
      • 8.1: Specific Task Functions
      • 8.2: Global vs Local Data Storage
      • 8.3: Using a Header File for User Defined Specific Task Functions
      • 8.4: Practice 7 Specific Task Functions
    • 9: Standard Libraries
      • 9.1: Standard Libraries
      • 9.2: Practice 8 Standard Libraries
    • 10: Character Data, Sizeof, Typedef, Sequence
      • 10.1: Character Data Type
      • 10.2: Sizeof Operator
      • 10.3: Typedef - An Alias
      • 10.4: Sequence Operator
      • 10.5: Practice 9 Character Data, Sizeof, Typedef, Sequence
    • 11: Introduction to Structured Programming
      • 11.1: Structure Programming
      • 11.2: Pseudocode Examples for Control Structures
      • 11.3: Flowcharting
      • 11.4: Practice 10 Introduction to Structure Programming
    • 12: Two Way Selection
      • 12.1: If Then Else
      • 12.2: Boolean Data Type
      • 12.3: Relational Operators
      • 12.4: Compound Statement
      • 12.5: Practice 11 Two Way Selection
    • 13: Multiway Selection
      • 13.1: Nested If Then Else
      • 13.2: Logical Operators
      • 13.3: Case Control Structure
      • 13.4: Branching Control Structures
      • 13.5: Practice 12 Multiway Selection
    • 14: Test After Loops
      • 14.1: Do While Loop
      • 14.2: Flag Concept
      • 14.3: Assignment vs Equality within C++
      • 14.4: Repeat Until Loop
      • 14.5: Practice 13 Test After Loops
    • 15: Test Before Loops
      • 15.1: Increment and Decrement Operators
      • 15.2: While Loop
      • 15.3: Practice 14 Test Before Loops
    • 16: Counting Loops
      • 16.1: For Loop
      • 16.2: Circular Nature of the Interger Data Type Family
      • 16.3: Formatting Output
      • 16.4: Nested For Loops
      • 16.5: Practice 15 Counting Loops
    • 17: String Class, Unary Positive and Negative
      • 17.1: String Class within C++
      • 17.2: Unary Positive and Negative Operators
      • 17.3: Practice 16 String Class, Unary Positive and Negative
    • 18: Conditional Operator and Recursion
      • 18.1: Conditional Operator
      • 18.2: Recursion vs Iteration
      • 18.3: Practice 17 Conditional Operator and Recursion
    • 19: Introduction to Arrays
      • 19.1: Array Data Type
      • 19.2: Array Index Operator
      • 19.3: Displaying Array Members
      • 19.4: Practice 18 Introduction to Arrays
    • 20: File I/O and Array Functions
      • 20.1: File Input and Output
      • 20.2: Arrays and Functions
      • 20.3: Loading an Array from a File
      • 20.4: Math Statistics with Arrays
      • 20.5: Practice 19 File I/O and Array Functions
    • 21: More Array Functions
      • 21.1: Finding a Specific Member of an Array
      • 21.2: Sorting an Array
      • 21.3: Practice 20 More Array Functions
    • 22: More on Typedef
      • 22.1: Versatile Code with Typedef
      • 22.2: Practice 21 More on Typedef
    • 23: Pointers
      • 23.1: Address Operator
      • 23.2: Parameter Passing by Reference
      • 23.3: Pointer Data Type
      • 23.4: Indirection Operator
      • 23.5: Practice 22 Pointers
    • 24: More Arrays and Compiler Directives
      • 24.1: Multidimensional Arrays
      • 24.2: Conditional Compilation
      • 24.3: Practice 23 More Arrays and Compiler Directives
    • 25: OOP and HPC
      • 25.1: Object Oriented Programming
      • 25.2: Understanding High Performance Computing
      • 25.3: Practice 24 OOP and HPC
    • 26: Review Materials
      • 26.1: Foundation Topics Group 1-5
      • 26.2: Modular Programming Group 6-9
      • 26.3: Structured Programming Group 10-16
      • 26.4: Intermediate Topics Group 17-21
      • 26.5: Advanced Topics Group 22-24
    • 27: Appendix
      • 27.1: Abbreviated Precedence Chart for C++ Operators
      • 27.2: C++ Reserved Keywords
      • 27.3: ASCII Character Set
      • 27.4: Show Hide File Extensions
      • 27.5: Academic or Scholastic Dishonesty
      • 27.6: Successful Learning Skills
      • 27.7: Study Habits that Build the Brain
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Book: A First Course in Electrical and Computer Engineering (Scharf)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Dedication
      • Preface
    • 3: Complex Numbers
      • 3.1: Introdction
      • 3.2: Geometry of Complex Numbers
      • 3.3: Algebra of Complex Numbers
      • 3.4: Roots of Quadratic Equations
      • 3.5: Representing Complex Numbers in Vector Space
      • 3.6: An Electric Field Computation
      • 3.7: Numerical Experiment (Quadratic Roots)
    • 4: The Exponential Functions
      • 4.1: Introduction
      • 4.2: The Function e^x
      • 4.3: The Function e^jθ and the Unit Circle
      • 4.4: The Euler and De Moivre Identities
      • 4.5: Roots of Unity and Related Topics
      • 4.6: Second-Order Differential and Difference Equations
      • 4.7: Numerical Experiment (Approximating e^jθ)
    • 5: Phasors
      • 5.1: Introduction to Phasors
      • 5.2: Phasor Representation of Signals
      • 5.3: Beating between Tones
      • 5.4: Multiphase Power
      • 5.5: Lissajous Figures
      • 5.6: Sinusoidal Steady State and the Series RLC Circuit
      • 5.7: Light Scattering by a Slit
      • 5.8: Numerical Experiment (Interference Patterns)
    • 6: Linear Algebra
      • 6.01: Introduction
      • 6.02: Vectors
      • 6.03: Inner Product and Euclidean Norm
      • 6.04: Direction Cosines
      • 6.05: Projections
      • 6.06: Other Norms
      • 6.07: Matrices
      • 6.08: Solving Linear Systems of Equations
      • 6.09: Circuit Analysis
      • 6.10: Numerical Experiment (Circuit Design)
    • 7: Vector Graphics
      • 7.1: Introduction to Vector Graphics
      • 7.2: Two-Dimensional Image Representation
      • 7.3: Two-Dimensional Image Transformations
      • 7.4: Composition of Transformations
      • 7.5: Homogeneous Coordinates
      • 7.6: Three-Dimensional Homogeneous Coordinates
      • 7.7: Projections
      • 7.8: Numerical Experiment (Star Field)
    • 8: Filtering
      • 8.1: Introduction
      • 8.2: Simple Averages
      • 8.3: Weighted Averages
      • 8.4: Moving Averages
      • 8.5: Exponential Averages and Recursive Filters
      • 8.6: Test Sequences
      • 8.7: Numerical Experiment (Frequency Response of First-Order Filter)
    • 9: Binary Codes
      • 9.1: Introduction
      • 9.2: The Communication Paradigm
      • 9.3: From Symbols to Binary Codes
      • 9.4: Huffman Codes for Source Coding
      • 9.5: Hamming Codes for Channel Coding
      • 9.6: Numerical Experiment (Huffman Codes)
    • 10: An Introduction to MATLAB
      • 10.01: Introduction
      • 10.02: Running MATLAB (Macintosh)
      • 10.03: Running MATLAB (PC)
      • 10.04: Interactive Mode
      • 10.05: Variables
      • 10.06: Complex Variables
      • 10.07: Vectors and Matrices
      • 10.08: The Colon
      • 10.09: Graphics
      • 10.10: Editing Files and Creating Functions (Macintosh)
      • 10.11: Editing Files and Creating Functions (PC)
      • 10.12: Loops and Control
    • 11: The Edix Editor
    • 12: Useful Mathematical Identities
    • Back Matter
  • Book: A Brief Introduction to Engineering Computation with MATLAB (Beyenir)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Acknowledgements
    • 2: Preface
    • 3: Study Guide
    • 4.1: What is MATLAB?
      • 4.2 Problem Set
    • 5.1: Essentials
      • 5.2 Problem Set
    • 6.1: Plotting in MATLAB
      • 6.2 Problem Set
    • 7.1: Writing Scripts to Solve Problems
      • 7.2 Problem Set
    • 8.1: Interpolation
      • 8.2 Problem Set
    • 9.1: Computing the Area Under a Curve
      • 9.2 Problem Set
    • 10.1: Regression Analysis
      • 10.2 Problem Set
    • 11: Publishing with MATLAB
      • 11.2 Problem Set
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Book: Neural Networks and Deep Learning (Nielsen)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Acknowledgements
    • 1: Using neural nets to recognize handwritten digits
      • 1.1: Introduction
      • 1.2: Perceptrons
      • 1.3: Sigmoid neurons
      • 1.4: The architecture of neural networks
      • 1.5: A simple network to classify handwritten digits
      • 1.6: Learning with gradient descent
      • 1.7: Implementing our network to classify digits
      • 1.8: Toward deep learning
    • 2: How the Backpropagation Algorithm Works
      • 2.1: Introduction
      • 2.2: Warm up- a fast matrix-based approach to computing the output from a neural network
      • 2.3: The backpropagation algorithm
    • 3: Improving the way neural networks learn
      • 3.1: The cross-entropy cost function
      • 3.2: Overfitting and regularization
      • 3.3: Weight initialization
      • 3.4: Handwriting recognition revisited- the code
      • 3.5: How to choose a neural network's hyper-parameters?
      • 3.6: Other techniques
    • 4: A visual proof that neural nets can compute any function
      • 4.1: Two caveats
      • 4.2: Universality with one input and one output
      • 4.3: Many input variables
      • 4.4: Extension beyond sigmoid neurons
      • 4.5: Fixing up the step functions
      • 4.6: Section 6-
    • 5: Why are deep neural networks hard to train?
      • 5.1: The vanishing gradient problem
      • 5.2: Unstable gradients in more complex networks
    • 6: Deep Learning
      • 6.1: Introducing convolutional networks
      • 6.2: Convolutional neural networks in practice
      • 6.3: The code for our convolutional networks
      • 6.4: Recent progress in image recognition
      • 6.5: Other approaches to deep neural nets
      • 6.6: On the future of neural networks
    • 7: Appendix- Is there a simple algorithm for intelligence?
      • 7.1: Is there a simple algorithm for intelligence?
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • FAQ
  • Book: An Introduction to Ontology Engineering (Keet)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
      • About the Author
    • 1: How to Use the Book
      • 1.1: Aims and Synopsis
      • 1.2: Content at a Glance
      • 1.3: Assessment
    • 2: Introduction to Ontology Engineering
      • 2.1: Prelude to Ontology Engineering
      • 2.2: What Does an Ontology Look Like?
      • 2.3: What is an Ontology?
      • 2.4: What is the Usefulness of an Ontology?
      • 2.5: Outline and Usage of the Book
      • 2.E: Introduction to Ontology Engineering (Exercises)
      • 2.S: Literature and Reference Material
    • 3: First Order Logic and Automated Reasoning in a Nutshell
      • 3.1: First Order Logic Syntax and Semantics
      • 3.2: Reasoning
      • 3.E: First Order Logic and Automated Reasoning in a Nutshell (Excercises)
      • 3.S: First Order Logic and Automated Reasoning in a Nutshell (Summary)
    • 4: Description Logics
      • 4.1: Prelude to Description Logics
      • 4.2: Description Logics Primer
      • 4.3: Important Description Logics
      • 4.4: Reasoning Services
      • 4.5: Literature and Reference Material
      • 4.E: Description Logics (Exercises)
    • 5: The Web Ontology Language OWL 2
      • 5.1: Prelude to the Web Ontology Language
      • 5.2: Standardizing an Ontology Language
      • 5.3: OWL 2
      • 5.4: OWL in Context
      • 5.E: The Web Ontology Language (Exercises)
      • 5.S: Literature and Reference Material
    • 6: Methods and Methodologies
      • 6.1: Methodologies for Ontology Development
      • 6.2: Methods to Improve an Ontology’s Quality
      • 6.3: Exercises
      • 6.4: Literature and Reference Material
    • 7: Top-Down Ontology Development
      • 7.1: Prelude to Top-Down Ontology Development
      • 7.2: Foundational Ontologies
      • 7.3: Part-Whole Relations
      • 7.4: Excercises
      • 7.5: Literature and Reference Material
    • 8: Bottom-up Ontology Development
      • 8.1: Relational Databases and Related ‘legacy’ KR
      • 8.2: From Spreadsheets to OWL
      • 8.3: Thesauri
      • 8.4: Text Processing to Extract Content for Ontologies
      • 8.5: Other Semi-Automated Approaches
      • 8.6: Ontology Design Patterns
      • 8.7: Exercises
      • 8.8: Literature and Reference Material
    • 9: Ontology-Based Data Access
      • 9.1: Introduction- Motivations
      • 9.2: OBDA Design Choices
      • 9.3: An OBDA Architecture
      • 9.4: Principal Components
      • 9.5: Exercises
      • 9.6: Literature and Reference Material
    • 10: Ontologies and Natural Languages
      • 10.1: Toward Multilingual Ontologies
      • 10.2: Ontology Verbalisation
      • 10.3: Exercises
      • 10.4: Literature and Reference Material
    • 11: Advanced Modeling with Additional Language Features
      • 11.1: Uncertainty and Vagueness
      • 11.2: Time and Temporal Ontologies
      • 11.3: Exercises
      • 11.4: Literature and Reference Material
    • 12: Bibliography
      • 12.1: Bibliography
      • 12.2: Books About Ontologies
      • 12.3: Selection of Journals that Publish Papers about Ontologies
      • 12.4: Selection of Conferences that Publish Papers about Ontologies
    • 13: Assignments
      • 13.1: Practical Assignment- Develop a Domain Ontology
      • 13.2: Project Assignment
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Complexity Recap
      • OWL 2 Profiles Features List
  • Book: Think Data Structures - Algorithms and Information Retrieval in Java (Downey)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
      • Preface
      • Prerequisites
    • 1: Interfaces
      • 1.1: Why are there two kinds of List?
      • 1.2: Interfaces in Java
      • 1.3: The List Interface
      • 1.4: Exercise 1
    • 2: Analysis of Algorithms
      • 2.1: Selection Sort
      • 2.2: Big O notation
      • 2.3: Exercise 2
    • 3: ArrayList
      • 3.1: Classifying MyArrayList methods
      • 3.2: Classifying add
      • 3.3: Problem Size
      • 3.4: Linked Data Structures
      • 3.5: Exercise 3
      • 3.6: A note on garbage collection
    • 4: LinkedList
      • 4.1: Classifying MyLinkedList methods
      • 4.2: Comparing MyArrayList and MyLinkedList
      • 4.3: Profiling
      • 4.4: Interpreting results
      • 4.5: Exercise 4
    • 5: Doubly-linked list
      • 5.1: Performance profiling results
      • 5.2: Profiling LinkedList methods
      • 5.3: Adding to the end of a LinkedList
      • 5.4: Doubly-linked list
      • 5.5: Choosing a Structure
    • 6: Tree traversal
      • 6.1: Search engines
      • 6.2: Parsing HTML
      • 6.3: Using jsoup
      • 6.4: Iterating through the DOM
      • 6.5: Depth-first search
      • 6.6: Stacks in Java
      • 6.7: Iterative DFS
    • 7: Getting to Philosophy
      • 7.1: Getting started
      • 7.2: Iterables and Iterators
      • 7.3: WikiFetcher
      • 7.4: Exercise 5
    • 8: Indexer
      • 8.1: Data structure selection
      • 8.2: TermCounter
      • 8.3: Exercise 6
    • 9: The Map interface
      • 9.1: Implementing MyLinearMap
      • 9.2: Exercise 7
      • 9.3: Analyzing MyLinearMap
    • 10: Hashing
      • 10.1: Hashing
      • 10.2: How does hashing work?
      • 10.3: Hashing and mutation
      • 10.4: Exercise 8
    • 11: HashMap
      • 11.1: Exercise 9
      • 11.2: Analyzing MyHashMap
      • 11.3: The tradeoffs
      • 11.4: Profiling MyHashMap
      • 11.5: Fixing MyHashMap
      • 11.6: UML class diagrams
    • 12: TreeMap
      • 12.1: What’s wrong with hashing?
      • 12.2: Binary search tree
      • 12.3: Exercise 10
      • 12.4: Implementing a TreeMap
    • 13: Binary search tree
      • 13.1: A simple MyTreeMap
      • 13.2: Searching for values
      • 13.3: Implementing put
      • 13.4: In-order traversal
      • 13.5: The logarithmic methods
      • 13.6: Self-balancing trees
      • 13.7: One more exercise
    • 14: Persistence
      • 14.1: Redis
      • 14.2: Redis clients and servers
      • 14.3: Making a Redis-backed index
      • 14.4: Redis data types
      • 14.5: Exercise 11
      • 14.6: More suggestions if you want them
      • 14.7: A few design hints
    • 15: Crawling Wikipedia
      • 15.1: The Redis-backed indexer
      • 15.2: Analysis of lookup
      • 15.3: Analysis of indexing
      • 15.4: Graph traversal
      • 15.5: Exercise 12
    • 16: Boolean search
      • 16.1: Crawler solution
      • 16.2: Information retrieval
      • 16.3: Boolean search
      • 16.4: Exercise 13
      • 16.5: Comparable and Comparator
      • 16.6: Extensions
    • 17: Sorting
      • 17.1: Insertion sort
      • 17.2: Exercise 14
      • 17.3: Analysis of merge sort
      • 17.4: Radix sort
      • 17.5: Heap sort
      • 17.6: Bounded heap
      • 17.7: Space complexity
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Book: Eloquent JavaScript (Haverbeke)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
      • Introduction
    • Part 1: Language
      • 1: Values, Types, and Operators
      • 2: Program Structure
      • 3: Functions
      • 4: Objects and Arrays
      • 5: Higher-order Functions
      • 6: The Secret Life of Objects
      • 7: Project - A Robot
      • 8: Bugs and Errors
      • 9: Regular Expressions
      • 10: Modules
      • 11: Asynchronous Programming
      • 12: Project - A Programming Language
    • Part 2: Browser
      • 13: JavaScript and the Browser
      • 14: The Document Object Model
      • 15: Handling Events
      • 16: Project - A Platform Game
      • 17: Drawing on Canvas
      • 18: HTTP and Forms
      • 19: Project - A Pixel Art Editor
    • Part 3: Node
      • 20: Node.js
      • 21: Project - Skill-Sharing Website
  • Book: Python for Everybody (Severance)
    • 1: Introduction
      • 1.1: Why should you learn to write programs?
      • 1.2: Creativity and Motivation
      • 1.3: Computer Hardware Architecture
      • 1.4: Understanding Programming
      • 1.5: Words and Sentences
      • 1.6: Conversing with Python
      • 1.7: Terminology - Interpreter and Compiler
      • 1.8: Writing a Program
      • 1.9: What is a program?
      • 1.E: Introduction (Exercises)
      • 1.G: Introduction (Glossary)
      • 1.10: The Building Blocks of Programs
      • 1.11: What could possibly go wrong?
      • 1.12: The Learning Journey
    • 2: Variables, Expressions, and Statements
      • 2.1: Values and Types
      • 2.2: Variables
      • 2.3: Variable names and Keywords
      • 2.4: Statements
      • 2.5: Operators and Operands
      • 2.6: Expressions
      • 2.7: Order of Operations
      • 2.8: Modulus Operator
      • 2.9: String Operations
      • 2.E: Variables, Expressions, and Statements (Exercises)
      • 2.G: Glossary
      • 2.10: Asking the user for input
      • 2.11: Comments
      • 2.12: Choosing Mnemonic Variable Names
      • 2.13: Debugging
    • 3: Conditional Execution
      • 3.1: Boolean Expressions
      • 3.2: Logical Operators
      • 3.3: Conditional Execution
      • 3.4: Alternative Execution
      • 3.5: Chained Conditionals
      • 3.6: Nested Conditionals
      • 3.7: Catching exceptions Using Try and Except
      • 3.8: Short-Circuit Evaluation of Logical Expressions
      • 3.9: Debugging
      • 3.E: Conditional Execution (Exercises)
      • 3.G: Conditional Execution (Glossary)
    • 4: Functions
      • 4.1: Function Calls
      • 4.2: Built-in Functions
      • 4.3: Type Conversion Functions
      • 4.4: Random Numbers
      • 4.5: Math Functions
      • 4.6: Adding New Functions
      • 4.7: Definitions and Uses
      • 4.8: Flow of Execution
      • 4.9: Parameters and Arguments
      • 4.E: Functions (Exercises)
      • 4.G: Functions (Glossary)
      • 4.10: Fruitful functions and void functions
      • 4.11: Why functions?
      • 4.12: Debugging
    • 5: Iterations
      • 5.1: Updating Variables
      • 5.2: The while Statement
      • 5.3: Infinite Loops
      • 5.4: "Infinite loops" and break
      • 5.5: Finishing iterations with continue
      • 5.6: Definite loops using for
      • 5.7: Loop patterns
      • 5.8: Counting and Summing Loops
      • 5.9: Maximum and Minimum Loops
      • 5.E: Iterations (Exercises)
      • 5.G: Iterations (Glossary)
      • 5.10: Debugging
    • 6: Strings
      • 6.1: A string is a sequence
      • 6.2: Getting the length of a string using len
      • 6.3: Traversal through a string with a loop
      • 6.4: String Slices
      • 6.5: Strings are immutable
      • 6.6: Looping and Counting
      • 6.7: The in operator
      • 6.8: String Comparison
      • 6.9: String Methods
      • 6.E: Strings (Exercises)
      • 6.G: Strings (Glossary)
      • 6.10: Parsing strings
      • 6.11: Format operator
      • 6.12: Debugging
    • 7: Files
      • 7.1: Persistence
      • 7.2: Opening Files
      • 7.3: Text files and Lines
      • 7.4: Reading Files
      • 7.5: Searching through a File
      • 7.6: Letting the user choose the file name
      • 7.7: Using try, except, and open
      • 7.8: Writing Files
      • 7.9: Debugging
      • 7.E: Files (Exercises)
      • 7.G: Files (Glossary)
    • 8: Lists
      • 8.1: A list is a sequence
      • 8.2: Lists are mutable
      • 8.3: Traversing a List
      • 8.4: List operations
      • 8.5: List Slices
      • 8.6: List Methods
      • 8.7: Deleting Elements
      • 8.8: Lists and Functions
      • 8.9: Lists and Strings
      • 8.E: Lists (Exercises)
      • 8.G: Lists (Glossary)
      • 8.10: Parsing lines
      • 8.11: Objects and Values
      • 8.12: Aliasing
      • 8.13: List arguments
      • 8.14: Debugging
    • 9: Dictionaries
      • 9.1: Dictionaries
      • 9.2: Dictionary as a Set of Counters
      • 9.3: Dictionaries and Files
      • 9.4: Looping and Dictionaries
      • 9.5: Advanced Text Parsing
      • 9.6: Debugging
      • 9.E: Dictionaries (Exercises)
      • 9.G: Dictionaries (Glossary)
    • 10: Tuples
      • 10.1: Tuples are Immutable
      • 10.2: Comparing Tuples
      • 10.3: Tuple Assignment
      • 10.4: Dictionaries and Tuples
      • 10.5: Multiple assignment with dictionaries
      • 10.6: The most common words
      • 10.7: Using Tuples as Keys in Dictionaries
      • 10.8: Sequences- strings, lists, and tuples - Oh My!
      • 10.9: Debugging
      • 10.E: Tuples (Exercises)
      • 10.G: Tuples (Glossary)
    • 11: Regular Expressions
      • 11.1: Regular Expressions
      • 11.2: Character matching in regular expressions
      • 11.3: Extracting data using regular expressions
      • 11.4: Combining searching and extracting
      • 11.5: Escape Character
      • 11.6: Bonus section for Unix / Linux users
      • 11.7: Debugging
      • 11.E: Regular Expressions (Exercises)
      • 11.G: Regular Expressions (Glossary)
      • 11.S: Regular Expressions (Summary)
    • 12: Networked Programs
      • 12.1: HyperText Transfer Protocol - HTTP
      • 12.2: The World's Simplest Web Browser
      • 12.3: Retrieving an image over HTTP
      • 12.4: Retrieving web pages with urllib
      • 12.5: Parsing HTML and scraping the web
      • 12.6: Parsing HTML using regular expressions
      • 12.7: Parsing HTML using BeautifulSoup
      • 12.8: Reading binary files using urllib
      • 12.E: Networked Programs (Exercises)
      • 12.G: Networked Programs (Glossary)
    • 13: Python and Web Services
      • 13.1: eXtensible Markup Language - XML
      • 13.2: Looping through Nodes
      • 13.3: JavaScript Object Notation - JSON
      • 13.4: Parsing JSON
      • 13.5: Application Programming Interfaces
      • 13.6: Google geocoding web service
      • 13.7: Security and API usage
      • 13.E: Python and Web Services (Exercises)
      • 13.G: Python and Web Services (Glossary)
    • 14: Object-Oriented Programming
      • 14.1: Managing Larger Programs
      • 14.2: Getting Started
      • 14.3: Using Objects
      • 14.4: Starting with Programs
      • 14.5: Subdividing a Problem - Encapsulation
      • 14.6: Our First Python Object
      • 14.7: Classes as Types
      • 14.8: Many Instances
      • 14.9: Object Lifecycle
      • 14.G: Object-Oriented Programming (Glossary)
      • 14.S: Object-Oriented Programming (Summary)
      • 14.10: Inheritance
    • 15: Using Databases and SQL
      • 15.1: What is a database?
      • 15.2: Database Concepts
      • 15.3: Database Browser for SQLite
      • 15.4: Creating a database table
      • 15.5: Structured Query Language summary
      • 15.6: Spidering Twitter using a database
      • 15.7: Basic data modeling
      • 15.8: Programming with Multiple Tables
      • 15.9: Constraints in Database Tables
      • 15.G: Using Databases and SQL (Glossary)
      • 15.S: Using Databases and SQL (Summary)
      • 15.10: Retrieve and/or insert a record
      • 15.11: Storing the friend relationship
      • 15.12: Three Kinds of Keys
      • 15.13: Using JOIN to retrieve data
      • 15.14: Degugging
    • 16: Visualizing data
      • 16.1: Building a Google map from geocoded data
      • 16.2: Visualizing Networks and Interconnections
      • 16.3: Visualizing mail data
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Book: Making Games with Python and Pygame (Sweigart)
    • Front Matter
    • 1: Introduction
      • 1.1: Who Is This Book For?
      • 1.2: About This Book
    • 2: Installing Python and Pygame
      • 2.1: What You Should Know Before You Begin
      • 2.2: Downloading and Installing Python
      • 2.3: Windows Instructions
      • 2.4: Mac OS X Instructions
      • 2.5: Ubuntu and Linux Instructions
      • 2.6: Starting Python
      • 2.7: Installing Pygame
      • 2.8: How to Use This Book
      • 2.9: The Featured Programs
      • 2.10: Downloading Graphics and Sound Files
      • 2.11: Line Numbers and Spaces
      • 2.12: Text Wrapping in This Book
      • 2.13: Checking Your Code Online
      • 2.14: More Info Links on invpy.com
    • 3: Pygame Basics
      • 3.1: GUI vs. CLI
      • 3.2: Source Code for Hello World with Pygame
      • 3.3: Setting Up a Pygame Program
      • 3.4: Game Loops and Game States
      • 3.5: pygame.event.Event Objects
      • 3.6: The QUIT Event and pygame.quit() Function
      • 3.7: Pixel Coordinates
      • 3.8: A Reminder About Functions, Methods, Constructor Functions, and Functions in Modules (and the Difference Between Them)
      • 3.9: Surface Objects and The Window
      • 3.10: Colors
      • 3.11: Transparent Colors
      • 3.12: pygame.Color Objects
      • 3.13: Rect Objects
      • 3.14: Primitive Drawing Functions
      • 3.15: pygame.PixelArray Objects
      • 3.16: The pygame.display.update() Function
      • 3.17: Animation
      • 3.18: Frames Per Second and pygame.time.Clock Objects
      • 3.19: Drawing Images with pygame.image.load() and blit()
      • 3.20: Fonts
      • 3.21: Anti-Aliasing
      • 3.22: Playing Sounds
      • 3.23: Summary
    • 4: Memory Puzzle
      • 4.1: How to Play Memory Puzzle
      • 4.2: Nested for Loops
      • 4.3: Source Code of Memory Puzzle
      • 4.4: Credits and Imports
      • 4.5: Magic Numbers are Bad
      • 4.6: Sanity Checks with assert Statements
      • 4.7: Telling If a Number is Even or Odd
      • 4.8: Crash Early and Crash Often!
      • 4.9: Making the Source Code Look Pretty
      • 4.10: Using Constant Variables Instead of Strings
      • 4.11: Making Sure We Have Enough Icons
      • 4.12: Tuples vs. Lists, Immutable vs. Mutable
      • 4.13: One Item Tuples Need a Trailing Comma
      • 4.14: Converting Between Lists and Tuples
      • 4.15: The global Statement, and Why Global Variables are Evil
      • 4.16: Data Structures and 2D Lists
      • 4.17: The “Start Game” Animation
      • 4.18: The Game Loop
      • 4.19: The Event Handling Loop
      • 4.20: Checking Which Box The Mouse Cursor is Over
      • 4.21: Handling the First Clicked Box
      • 4.22: Handling a Mismatched Pair of Icons
      • 4.23: Handling If the Player Won
      • 4.24: Drawing the Game State to the Screen
      • 4.25: Creating the “Revealed Boxes” Data Structure
      • 4.26: Creating the Board Data Structure- Step 1 – Get All Possible Icons
      • 4.27: Step 2 – Shuffling and Truncating the List of All Icons
      • 4.28: Step 3 – Placing the Icons on the Board
      • 4.29: Splitting a List into a List of Lists
      • 4.30: Different Coordinate Systems
      • 4.31: Converting from Pixel Coordinates to Box Coordinates
      • 4.32: Drawing the Icon, and Syntactic Sugar
      • 4.33: Syntactic Sugar with Getting a Board Space’s Icon’s Shape and Color
      • 4.34: Drawing the Box Cover
      • 4.35: Handling the Revealing and Covering Animation
      • 4.36: Drawing the Entire Board
      • 4.37: Drawing the Highlight
      • 4.38: The "Start Game" Animation
      • 4.39: Revealing and Covering the Groups of Boxes
      • 4.40: The “Game Won” Animation
      • 4.41: Telling if the Player Has Won
      • 4.42: Why Bother Having a main() Function?
      • 4.43: Why Bother With Readability?
      • 4.44: Summary, and a Hacking Suggestion
    • 5: Slide Puzzle
      • 5.1: How to Play Slide Puzzle
      • 5.2: Source Code to Slide Puzzle
      • 5.3: Second Verse, Same as the First
      • 5.4: Setting Up the Buttons
      • 5.5: Being Smart By Using Stupid Code
      • 5.6: The Main Game Loop
      • 5.7: Clicking on the Buttons
      • 5.8: Sliding Tiles with the Mouse
      • 5.9: Sliding Tiles with the Keyboard
      • 5.10: “Equal To One Of” Trick with the in Operator
      • 5.11: WASD and Arrow Keys
      • 5.12: Actually Performing the Tile Slide
      • 5.13: IDLE and Terminating Pygame Programs
      • 5.14: Checking for a Specific Event, and Posting Events to Pygame’s Event Queue
      • 5.15: Creating the Board Data Structure
      • 5.16: Not Tracking the Blank Position
      • 5.17: Making a Move by Updating the Board Data Structure
      • 5.18: When NOT to Use an Assertion
      • 5.19: Getting a Not-So-Random Move
      • 5.20: Converting Tile Coordinates to Pixel Coordinates
      • 5.21: Converting from Pixel Coordinates to Board Coordinates
      • 5.22: Drawing a Tile
      • 5.23: The Making Text Appear on the Screen
      • 5.24: Drawing the Board
      • 5.25: Drawing the Border of the Board
      • 5.26: Drawing the Buttons
      • 5.27: Animating the Tile Slides
      • 5.28: The copy() Surface Method
      • 5.29: Creating a New Puzzle
      • 5.30: Animating the Board Reset
      • 5.31: Time vs. Memory Tradeoffs
      • 5.32: Nobody Cares About a Few Bytes
      • 5.33: Nobody Cares About a Few Million Nanoseconds
      • 5.34: Summary
    • 6: Simulate
      • 6.1: How to Play Simulate
      • 6.2: Source Code to Simulate
      • 6.3: The Usual Starting Stuff
      • 6.4: Setting Up the Buttons
      • 6.5: The main() Function
      • 6.6: Some Local Variables Used in This Program
      • 6.7: Drawing the Board and Handling Input
      • 6.8: Checking for Mouse Clicks
      • 6.9: Checking for Keyboard Presses
      • 6.10: The Two States of the Game Loop
      • 6.11: Figuring Out if the Player Pressed the Right Buttons
      • 6.12: Epoch Time
      • 6.13: Drawing the Board to the Screen
      • 6.14: Same Old terminate() Function
      • 6.15: Reusing The Constant Variables
      • 6.16: Animating the Button Flash
      • 6.17: Drawing the Buttons
      • 6.18: Animating the Background Change
      • 6.19: The Game Over Animation
      • 6.20: Converting from Pixel Coordinates to Buttons
      • 6.21: Explicit is Better Than Implicit
    • 7: Wormy
      • 7.1: How to Play Wormy
      • 7.2: Source Code to Wormy
      • 7.3: The Grid
      • 7.4: The Setup Code
      • 7.5: The main() Function
      • 7.6: A Separate runGame() Function
      • 7.7: The Event Handling Loop
      • 7.8: Collision Detection
      • 7.9: Detecting Collisions with the Apple
      • 7.10: Moving the Worm
      • 7.11: The insert() List Method
      • 7.12: Drawing the Screen
      • 7.13: Drawing “Press a key” Text to the Screen
      • 7.14: The checkForKeyPress() Function
      • 7.15: The Start Screen
      • 7.16: Rotating the Start Screen Text
      • 7.17: Rotations Are Not Perfect
      • 7.18: Deciding Where the Apple Appears
      • 7.19: Game Over Screens
      • 7.20: Drawing Functions
      • 7.21: Don’t Reuse Variable Names
    • 8: Tetromino
      • 8.1: How to Play Tetromino
      • 8.2: Some Tetromino Nomenclature
      • 8.3: Source Code to Tetromino
      • 8.4: The Usual Setup Code
      • 8.5: Setting up Timing Constants for Holding Down Keys
      • 8.6: More Setup Code
      • 8.7: Setting Up the Piece Templates
      • 8.8: Splitting a “Line of Code” Across Multiple Lines
      • 8.9: The main() Function
      • 8.10: The Start of a New Game
      • 8.11: The Game Loop
      • 8.12: The Event Handling Loop
      • 8.13: Pausing the Game
      • 8.14: Using Movement Variables to Handle User Input
      • 8.15: Checking if a Slide or Rotation is Valid
      • 8.16: Finding the Bottom
      • 8.17: Moving by Holding Down the Key
      • 8.18: Letting the Piece “Naturally” Fall
      • 8.19: Drawing Everything on the Screen
      • 8.20: makeTextObjs(), A Shortcut Function for Making Text
      • 8.21: The Same Old terminate() Function
      • 8.22: Waiting for a Key Press Event with the checkForKeyPress() Function
      • 8.23: showTextScreen(), A Generic Text Screen Function
      • 8.24: The checkForQuit() Function
      • 8.25: The calculateLevelAndFallFreq() Function
      • 8.26: Generating Pieces with the getNewPiece() Function
      • 8.27: Adding Pieces to the Board Data Structure
      • 8.28: Creating a New Board Data Structure
      • 8.29: The isOnBoard() and isValidPosition() Functions
      • 8.30: Checking for, and Removing, Complete Lines
      • 8.31: Convert from Board Coordinates to Pixel Coordinates
      • 8.32: Drawing a Box on the Board or Elsewhere on the Screen
      • 8.33: Drawing Everything to the Screen
      • 8.34: Drawing the Score and Level Text
      • 8.35: Drawing a Piece on the Board or Elsewhere on the Screen
      • 8.36: Drawing the “Next” Piece
      • 8.37: Summary
    • 9: Squirrel Eat Squirrel
      • 9.1: How to Play Squirrel Eat Squirrel
      • 9.2: The Design of Squirrel Eat Squirrel
      • 9.3: Source Code to Squirrel Eat Squirrel
      • 9.4: The Usual Setup Code
      • 9.5: Describing the Data Structures
      • 9.6: The main() Function
      • 9.7: The pygame.transform.flip() Function
      • 9.8: A More Detailed Game State than Usual
      • 9.9: The Usual Text Creation Code
      • 9.10: Cameras
      • 9.11: The “Active Area”
      • 9.12: Keeping Track of the Location of Things in the Game World
      • 9.13: Starting Off with Some Grass
      • 9.14: The Game Loop
      • 9.15: Checking to Disable Invulnerability
      • 9.16: Moving the Enemy Squirrels
      • 9.17: Removing the Far Away Grass and Squirrel Objects
      • 9.18: When Deleting Items in a List, Iterate Over the List in Reverse
      • 9.19: Adding New Grass and Squirrel Objects
      • 9.20: Camera Slack, and Moving the Camera View
      • 9.21: Drawing the Background, Grass, Squirrels, and Health Meter
      • 9.22: The Event Handling Loop
      • 9.23: Moving the Player, and Accounting for Bounce
      • 9.24: Collision Detection- Eat or Be Eaten
      • 9.25: The Game Over Screen
      • 9.26: Winning
      • 9.27: Drawing a Graphical Health Meter
      • 9.28: The Same Old terminate() Function
      • 9.29: The Mathematics of the Sine Function
      • 9.30: Backwards Compatibility with Python Version 2
      • 9.31: The getRandomVelocity() Function
      • 9.32: Finding a Place to Add New Squirrels and Grass
      • 9.33: Creating Enemy Squirrel Data Structures
      • 9.34: Flipping the Squirrel Image
      • 9.35: Creating Grass Data Structures
      • 9.36: Checking if Outside the Active Area
      • 9.37: Summary
    • 10: Star Pusher
      • 10.1: How to Play Star Pusher
      • 10.2: Source Code to Star Pusher
      • 10.3: The Initial Setup
      • 10.4: Data Structures in Star Pusher
      • 10.5: The “Game State” Data Structure
      • 10.6: The “Map” Data Structure
      • 10.7: The “Levels” Data Structure
      • 10.8: Reading and Writing Text Files
      • 10.9: Text Files and Binary Files
      • 10.10: Writing to Files
      • 10.11: Reading from Files
      • 10.12: About the Star Pusher Map File Format
      • 10.13: Recursive Functions
      • 10.14: Stack Overflows
      • 10.15: Preventing Stack Overflows with a Base Case
      • 10.16: The Flood Fill Algorithm
      • 10.17: Drawing the Map
      • 10.18: Checking if the Level is Finished
      • 10.19: Summary
    • 11: Four Extra Games
      • 11.1: Flippy, an “Othello” Clone
      • 11.2: Source Code for Flippy
      • 11.3: Ink Spill, a “Flood It” Clone
      • 11.4: Source Code for Ink Spill
      • 11.5: Four-In-A-Row, a “Connect Four” Clone
      • 11.6: Source Code for Four-In-A-Row
      • 11.7: Gemgem, a “Bejeweled” Clone
      • 11.8: Source Code for Gemgem
      • 11.9: Summary
    • Back Matter
      • About the Author
      • Glossary
  • Book: Think Python - How to Think Like a Computer Scientist
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
      • Acknowledgments
      • Contributor List
      • The Strange History of This Book
    • 1: Lists
      • 1.1: A List Is a Sequence
      • 1.2: Lists Are Mutable
      • 1.3: Traversing a List
      • 1.4: List Operations
      • 1.5: List Slices
      • 1.6: List Methods
      • 1.7: Map, Filter and Reduce
      • 1.8: Deleting Elements
      • 1.9: Lists and Strings
      • 1.10: Objects and Values
      • 1.11: Aliasing
      • 1.12: List Arguments
      • 1.13: Debugging
      • 1.14: Glossary
      • 1.15: Exercises
    • 2: Dictionaries
      • 2.1: Introduction
      • 2.2: Dictionary as a Set of Counters
      • 2.3: Looping and Dictionaries
      • 2.4: Reverse Lookup
      • 2.5: Dictionaries and Lists
      • 2.6: Memos
      • 2.7: Global Variables
      • 2.8: Long Integers
      • 2.9: Debugging
      • 2.10: Glossary
      • 2.11: Exercises
    • 3: Tuples
      • 3.1: Tuples Are Immutable
      • 3.2: Tuple Assignment
      • 3.3: Tuples as Return Values
      • 3.4: Variable-Length Argument Tuples
      • 3.5: Lists and Tuples
      • 3.6: Dictionaries and Tuples
      • 3.7: Comparing Tuples
      • 3.8: Sequences of Sequences
      • 3.9: Debugging
      • 3.10: Glossary
      • 3.11: Exercises
    • 4: Case Study- Data Structure Selection
      • 4.1: Word Frequency Analysis
      • 4.2: Random Numbers
      • 4.3: Word Histogram
      • 4.4: Most Common Words
      • 4.5: Optional Parameters
      • 4.6: Dictionary Subtraction
      • 4.7: Random Words
      • 4.8: Markov Analysis
      • 4.9: Data Structures
      • 4.10: Debugging
      • 4.11: Glossary
      • 4.12: Exercises
    • 5: Files
      • 5.1: Persistence
      • 5.2: Reading and Writing
      • 5.3: Format Operator
      • 5.4: Filenames and Paths
      • 5.5: Catching Exceptions
      • 5.6: Databases
      • 5.7: Pickling
      • 5.8: Pipes
      • 5.9: Writing Modules
      • 5.10: Debugging
      • 5.11: Glossary
      • 5.12: Exercises
    • 6: Classes and Objects
      • 6.1: User-Defined Types
      • 6.2: Attributes
      • 6.3: Rectangles
      • 6.4: Instances as Return Values
      • 6.5: Objects Are Mutable
      • 6.6: Copying
      • 6.7: Debugging
      • 6.8: Glossary
      • 6.9: Exercises
    • 7: Classes and Functions
      • 7.1: Time
      • 7.2: Pure Functions
      • 7.3: Modifiers
      • 7.4: Prototyping versus Planning
      • 7.5: Debugging
      • 7.6: Glossary
      • 7.7: Exercises
    • 8: Classes and Methods
      • 8.1: Object-Oriented Features
      • 8.2: Printing Objects
      • 8.3: Another Example
      • 8.4: A More Complicated Example
      • 8.5: The Init Method
      • 8.6: The __str__ Method
      • 8.7: Operator Overloading
      • 8.8: Type-Based Dispatch
      • 8.9: Polymorphism
      • 8.10: Debugging
      • 8.11: Interface and Implementation
      • 8.12: Glossary
      • 8.13: Exercises
    • 9: Inheritance
      • 9.1: Card Objects
      • 9.2: Class Attributes
      • 9.3: Comparing Cards
      • 9.4: Decks
      • 9.5: Printing the Deck
      • 9.6: Add, Remove, Shuffle and Sort
      • 9.7: Inheritance
      • 9.8: Class Diagrams
      • 9.9: Debugging
      • 9.10: Data Encapsulation
      • 9.11: Glossary
      • 9.12: Exercises
    • 10: Case Study- Tkinter
      • 10.1: GUI
      • 10.2: Buttons and Callbacks
      • 10.3: Canvas Widgets
      • 10.4: Coordinate Sequences
      • 10.5: More Widgets
      • 10.6: Packing Widgets
      • 10.7: Menus and Callables
      • 10.8: Binding
      • 10.9: Debugging
      • 10.10: Glossary
      • 10.11: Exercises
    • 11: The Way of The Program
      • 11.1: The Python Programming Language
      • 11.2: What Is a Program?
      • 11.3: What Is Debugging?
      • 11.4: Formal and Natural Languages
      • 11.5: The First Program
      • 11.6: Debugging
      • 11.7: Glossary
      • 11.8: Exercises
    • 12: Appendix A- Debugging
      • 12.1: Syntax Errors
      • 12.2: Runtime Errors
      • 12.3: Semantic Errors
    • 13: Appendix B- Analysis of Algorithms
      • 13.1: Order of Growth
      • 13.2: Analysis of Basic Python Operations
      • 13.3: Analysis of Search Algorithms
      • 13.4: Hashtables
    • 14: Appendix C- Lumpy
      • 14.1: State Diagram
      • 14.2: Stack Diagram
      • 14.3: Object Diagrams
      • 14.4: Function and Class Objects
      • 14.5: Class Diagrams
    • 15: Variables, Expressions and Statements
      • 15.1: Values and Types
      • 15.2: Variables
      • 15.3: Variable Names and Keywords
      • 15.4: Operators and Operands
      • 15.5: Expressions and Statements
      • 15.6: Interactive Mode and Script Mode
      • 15.7: Order of Operations
      • 15.8: String Operations
      • 15.9: Comments
      • 15.10: Debugging
      • 15.11: Glossary
      • 15.12: Exercises
    • 16: Functions
      • 16.1: Function Calls
      • 16.2: Type Conversion Functions
      • 16.3: Math Functions
      • 16.4: Composition
      • 16.5: Adding New Functions
      • 16.6: Definitions and Uses
      • 16.7: Flow of Execution
      • 16.8: Parameters and Arguments
      • 16.9: Variables and Parameters Are Local
      • 16.10: Stack Diagrams
      • 16.11: Fruitful Functions and Void Functions
      • 16.12: Why Functions?
      • 16.13: Importing with from
      • 16.14: Debugging
      • 16.15: Glossary
      • 16.16: Exercises
    • 17: Case Study- Interface Design
      • 17.1: TurtleWorld
      • 17.2: Simple Repetition
      • 17.3: Exercises
      • 17.4: Encapsulation
      • 17.5: Generalization
      • 17.6: Interface Design
      • 17.7: Refactoring
      • 17.8: A Development Plan
      • 17.9: docstring
      • 17.10: Debugging
      • 17.11: Glossary
      • 17.12: Exercises
    • 18: Conditionals and Recursion
      • 18.1: Modulus Operator
      • 18.2: Boolean Expressions
      • 18.3: Logical Operators
      • 18.4: Conditional Execution
      • 18.5: Alternative Execution
      • 18.6: Chained Conditionals
      • 18.7: Nested Conditionals
      • 18.8: Recursion
      • 18.9: Stack Diagrams for Recursive Functions
      • 18.10: Infinite Recursion
      • 18.11: Keyboard Input
      • 18.12: Debugging
      • 18.13: Glossary
      • 18.14: Exercises
    • 19: Fruitful Functions
      • 19.1: Return Values
      • 19.2: Incremental Development
      • 19.3: Composition
      • 19.4: Boolean Functions
      • 19.5: More Recursion
      • 19.6: Leap of Faith
      • 19.7: One More Example
      • 19.8: Checking Types
      • 19.9: Debugging
      • 19.10: Glossary
      • 19.11: Exercises
    • 20: Iteration
      • 20.1: Multiple Assignment
      • 20.2: Updating Variables
      • 20.3: The while Statement
      • 20.4: break
      • 20.5: Square Roots
      • 20.6: Algorithms
      • 20.7: Debugging
      • 20.8: Glossary
      • 20.9: Exercises
    • 21: Strings
      • 21.1: A String Is a Sequence
      • 21.2: len
      • 21.3: Traversal with a for Loop
      • 21.4: String Slices
      • 21.5: Strings Are Immutable
      • 21.6: Searching
      • 21.7: Looping and Counting
      • 21.8: String Methods
      • 21.9: The in Operator
      • 21.10: String Comparison
      • 21.11: Debugging
      • 21.12: Glossary
      • 21.13: Exercises
    • 22: Case Study- Word Play
      • 22.1: Reading Word Lists
      • 22.2: Exercises
      • 22.3: Search
      • 22.4: Looping with Indices
      • 22.5: Debugging
      • 22.6: Glossary
      • 22.7: Exercises
    • Back Matter
      • Index
  • Book: Byte of Python (Swaroop C H)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Introduction
      • Dedication
      • Preface
      • About this Book
    • Chapters
      • Front Matter
        • TitlePage
        • InfoPage
        • Table of Contents
      • 1.1: About Python
      • 1.2: Installation
      • 1.3: First Steps
      • 1.4: Basics
      • 1.5: Operators and Expressions
      • 1.6: Control flow
      • 1.7: Functions
      • 1.8: Modules
      • 1.9: Data Structures
      • 1.10: Problem Solving
      • 1.11: Object Oriented Programming
      • 1.12: Input and Output
      • 1.13: Exceptions
      • 1.14: Standard Library
      • 1.15: More
      • Back Matter
        • Index
    • Back Matter
      • Index
      • Revision History
      • What Next
      • FLOSS
  • Book: Web Development and Programming (Mendez)
    • Front Matter
      • TitlePage
      • InfoPage
      • Table of Contents
    • 1: Web Development
      • 1.1: Brief History of the Internet
      • 1.2: Current Trends
      • 1.3: Web Servers
      • 1.4: Network Basics
      • 1.5: Website Design
      • 1.6: Development
      • 1.E: Web Development (Exercises)
    • 2: Document Makeup
      • 2.1: Markup Languag