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• Bookshelves
  • Computer Science
    • Book: Python for Everybody (Severance)
      • 1: Introduction
        • 1.1: Why should you learn to write programs?
        • 1.2: Creativity and Motivation
        • 1.3: Computer Hardware Architecture
        • 1.4: Understanding Programming
        • 1.5: Words and Sentences
        • 1.6: Conversing with Python
        • 1.7: Terminology - Interpreter and Compiler
        • 1.8: Writing a Program
        • 1.9: What is a program?
        • 1.10: The Building Blocks of Programs
        • 1.11: What could possibly go wrong?
        • 1.12: The Learning Journey
        • 1.E: Introduction (Exercises)
        • 1.G: Introduction (Glossary)
      • 2: Variables, Expressions, and Statements
        • 2.1: Values and Types
        • 2.2: Variables
        • 2.3: Variable names and Keywords
        • 2.4: Statements
        • 2.5: Operators and Operands
        • 2.6: Expressions
        • 2.7: Order of Operations
        • 2.8: Modulus Operator
        • 2.9: String Operations
        • 2.10: Asking the user for input
        • 2.11: Comments
        • 2.12: Choosing Mnemonic Variable Names
        • 2.13: Debugging
        • 2.E: Variables, Expressions, and Statements (Exercises)
        • 2.G: Glossary
      • 3: Conditional Execution
        • 3.1: Boolean Expressions
        • 3.2: Logical Operators
        • 3.3: Conditional Execution
        • 3.4: Alternative Execution
        • 3.5: Chained Conditionals
        • 3.6: Nested Conditionals
        • 3.7: Catching exceptions Using Try and Except
        • 3.8: Short-Circuit Evaluation of Logical Expressions
        • 3.9: Debugging
        • 3.E: Conditional Execution (Exercises)
        • 3.G: Conditional Execution (Glossary)
      • 4: Functions
        • 4.1: Function Calls
        • 4.2: Built-in Functions
        • 4.3: Type Conversion Functions
        • 4.4: Random Numbers
        • 4.5: Math Functions
        • 4.6: Adding New Functions
        • 4.7: Definitions and Uses
        • 4.8: Flow of Execution
        • 4.9: Parameters and Arguments
        • 4.10: Fruitful functions and void functions
        • 4.11: Why functions?
        • 4.12: Debugging
        • 4.E: Functions (Exercises)
        • 4.G: Functions (Glossary)
      • 5: Iterations
        • 5.1: Updating Variables
        • 5.2: The while Statement
        • 5.3: Infinite Loops
        • 5.4: "Infinite loops" and break
        • 5.5: Finishing iterations with continue
        • 5.6: Definite loops using for
        • 5.7: Loop patterns
        • 5.8: Counting and Summing Loops
        • 5.9: Maximum and Minimum Loops
        • 5.10: Debugging
        • 5.E: Iterations (Exercises)
        • 5.G: Iterations (Glossary)
      • 6: Strings
        • 6.1: A string is a sequence
        • 6.2: Getting the length of a string using len
        • 6.3: Traversal through a string with a loop
        • 6.4: String Slices
        • 6.5: Strings are immutable
        • 6.6: Looping and Counting
        • 6.7: The in operator
        • 6.8: String Comparison
        • 6.9: String Methods
        • 6.10: Parsing strings
        • 6.11: Format operator
        • 6.12: Debugging
        • 6.E: Strings (Exercises)
        • 6.G: Strings (Glossary)
      • 7: Files
        • 7.1: Persistence
        • 7.2: Opening Files
        • 7.3: Text files and Lines
        • 7.4: Reading Files
        • 7.5: Searching through a File
        • 7.6: Letting the user choose the file name
        • 7.7: Using try, except, and open
        • 7.8: Writing Files
        • 7.9: Debugging
        • 7.E: Files (Exercises)
        • 7.G: Files (Glossary)
      • 8: Lists
        • 8.1: A list is a sequence
        • 8.2: Lists are mutable
        • 8.3: Traversing a List
        • 8.4: List operations
        • 8.5: List Slices
        • 8.6: List Methods
        • 8.7: Deleting Elements
        • 8.8: Lists and Functions
        • 8.9: Lists and Strings
        • 8.10: Parsing lines
        • 8.11: Objects and Values
        • 8.12: Aliasing
        • 8.13: List arguments
        • 8.14: Debugging
        • 8.E: Lists (Exercises)
        • 8.G: Lists (Glossary)
      • 9: Dictionaries
        • 9.1: Dictionaries
        • 9.2: Dictionary as a Set of Counters
        • 9.3: Dictionaries and Files
        • 9.4: Looping and Dictionaries
        • 9.5: Advanced Text Parsing
        • 9.6: Debugging
        • 9.E: Dictionaries (Exercises)
        • 9.G: Dictionaries (Glossary)
      • 10: Tuples
        • 10.1: Tuples are Immutable
        • 10.2: Comparing Tuples
        • 10.3: Tuple Assignment
        • 10.4: Dictionaries and Tuples
        • 10.5: Multiple assignment with dictionaries
        • 10.6: The most common words
        • 10.7: Using Tuples as Keys in Dictionaries
        • 10.8: Sequences: strings, lists, and tuples - Oh My!
        • 10.9: Debugging
        • 10.E: Tuples (Exercises)
        • 10.G: Tuples (Glossary)
      • 11: Regular Expressions
        • 11.1: Regular Expressions
        • 11.2: Character matching in regular expressions
        • 11.3: Extracting data using regular expressions
        • 11.4: Combining searching and extracting
        • 11.5: Escape Character
        • 11.6: Bonus section for Unix / Linux users
        • 11.7: Debugging
        • 11.E: Regular Expressions (Exercises)
        • 11.G: Regular Expressions (Glossary)
        • 11.S: Regular Expressions (Summary)
      • 12: Networked Programs
        • 12.1: HyperText Transfer Protocol - HTTP
        • 12.2: The World's Simplest Web Browser
        • 12.3: Retrieving an image over HTTP
        • 12.4: Retrieving web pages with urllib
        • 12.5: Parsing HTML and scraping the web
        • 12.6: Parsing HTML using regular expressions
        • 12.7: Parsing HTML using BeautifulSoup
        • 12.8: Reading binary files using urllib
        • 12.E: Networked Programs (Exercises)
        • 12.G: Networked Programs (Glossary)
      • 13: Python and Web Services
        • 13.1: eXtensible Markup Language - XML
        • 13.2: Looping through Nodes
        • 13.3: JavaScript Object Notation - JSON
        • 13.4: Parsing JSON
        • 13.5: Application Programming Interfaces
        • 13.6: Google geocoding web service
        • 13.7: Security and API usage
        • 13.E: Python and Web Services (Exercises)
        • 13.G: Python and Web Services (Glossary)
      • 14: Object-Oriented Programming
        • 14.1: Managing Larger Programs
        • 14.2: Getting Started
        • 14.3: Using Objects
        • 14.4: Starting with Programs
        • 14.5: Subdividing a Problem - Encapsulation
        • 14.6: Our First Python Object
        • 14.7: Classes as Types
        • 14.8: Many Instances
        • 14.8: Object Lifecycle
        • 14.9: Inheritance
        • 14.G: Object-Oriented Programming (Glossary)
        • 14.S: Object-Oriented Programming (Summary)
      • 15: Using Databases and SQL
        • 15.1: What is a database?
        • 15.2: Database Concepts
        • 15.3: Database Browser for SQLite
        • 15.4: Creating a database table
        • 15.5: Structured Query Language summary
        • 15.6: Spidering Twitter using a database
        • 15.7: Basic data modeling
        • 15.8: Programming with Multiple Tables
        • 15.9: Constraints in Database Tables
        • 15.10: Retrieve and/or insert a record
        • 15.11: Storing the friend relationship
        • 15.12: Three Kinds of Keys
        • 15.13: Using JOIN to retrieve data
        • 15.14: Degugging
        • 15.G: Using Databases and SQL (Glossary)
        • 15.S: Using Databases and SQL (Summary)
      • 16: Visualizing data
        • 16.1: Building a Google map from geocoded data
        • 16.2: Visualizing Networks and Interconnections
        • 16.3: Visualizing mail data
    • Book: Web Development and Programming (Mendez)
      • 1: Web Development
        • 1.1: Brief History of the Internet
        • 1.2: Current Trends
        • 1.3: Web Servers
        • 1.4: Network Basics
        • 1.5: Website Design
        • 1.6: Development
        • 1.E: Web Development (Exercises)
      • 2: Document Makeup
        • 2.1: Markup Languages
        • 2.2: Creating HTML Files
        • 2.3: Page Layout
        • 2.4: Text Layout
        • 2.5: Navigation
        • 2.6: Graphics
        • 2.7: Tables
        • 2.8: Forms
        • 2.9: Canvas
        • 2.10: Media Support
        • 2.11: Mobile Device Support
        • 2.12: Tags to Avoid
        • 2.13: Rule Structure
        • 2.14: Layout Formatting
        • 2.15: Font and Text Decoration
        • 2.16: Responsive Styling
        • 2.E: Document Makeup (Exercise)
      • 3: Scripting Language
        • 3.1: Server-Side and Client-Side Scripting
        • 3.2: Creating PHP Files
        • 3.3: PHP Errors
        • 3.4: PHP Output
        • 3.5: Data Storage
        • 3.6: Data Manipulation
        • 3.7: Email
        • 3.8: File Interaction
        • 3.9: Structures
        • 3.10: Functions
        • 3.11: JavaScript Syntax
        • 3.12: JavaScript Examples
        • 3.13: jQuery
        • 3.E: Scripting Language (Exercises)
      • 4: Persistent Data Storage
        • 4.1: Database Types
        • 4.2: Data Relationships
        • 4.3: MySQL Data Types
        • 4.4: Normalization
        • 4.5: MySQL CRUD Actions
        • 4.6: Advanced Queries
        • 4.E: Persistent Data Storage (Exercises)
      • 5: Tying it Together
        • 5.1: Security
        • 5.2: Integration Examples
        • 5.3: Finishing Touches
        • 5.4: Now What?
      • Glossary of Terms
    • Book: Database Design (Watt and Eng)
      • About the Authors
      • About the Book
      • Acknowledgements
      • Appendix A University Registration Data Model Example
      • Appendix B Sample ERD Exercises
      • Appendix C SQL Lab with Solution
      • Chapter 10 ER Modelling
      • Chapter 11 Functional Dependencies
      • Chapter 12 Normalization
      • Chapter 13 Database Development Process
      • Chapter 14 Database Users
      • Chapter 15 SQL Structured Query Language
      • Chapter 16 SQL Data Manipulation Language
      • Chapter 1 Before the Advent of Database Systems
      • Chapter 2 Fundamental Concepts
      • Chapter 3 Characteristics and Benefits of a Database
      • Chapter 4 Types of Data Models
      • Chapter 5 Data Modelling
      • Chapter 6 Classification of Database Management Systems
      • Chapter 7 The Relational Data Model
      • Chapter 8 The Entity Relationship Data Model
      • Chapter 9 Integrity Rules and Constraints
      • Copyright
      • Cover
      • Preface
      • Table Of Contents
    • Book: An Introduction to Ontology Engineering (Keet)
      • 0: How to Use the Book
        • 0.1: Aims and Synopsis
        • 0.2: Content at a Glance
        • 0.3: Assessment
      • 1: Introduction to Ontology Engineering
        • 1.0: Prelude to Ontology Engineering
        • 1.1: What Does an Ontology Look Like?
        • 1.2: What is an Ontology?
        • 1.3: What is the Usefulness of an Ontology?
        • 1.4: Outline and Usage of the Book
        • 1.E: Introduction to Ontology Engineering (Exercises)
        • 1.S: Literature and Reference Material
      • 2: First Order Logic and Automated Reasoning in a Nutshell
        • 2.1: First Order Logic Syntax and Semantics
        • 2.2: Reasoning
        • 2.E: First Order Logic and Automated Reasoning in a Nutshell (Excercises)
        • 2.S: First Order Logic and Automated Reasoning in a Nutshell (Summary)
      • 3: Description Logics
        • 3.0: Prelude to Description Logics
        • 3.1: Description Logics Primer
        • 3.2: Important Description Logics
        • 3.3: Reasoning Services
        • 3.5: Literature and Reference Material
        • 3.E: Description Logics (Exercises)
      • 4: The Web Ontology Language OWL 2
        • 4.0: Prelude to the Web Ontology Language
        • 4.1: Standardizing an Ontology Language
        • 4.2: OWL 2
        • 4.3: OWL in Context
        • 4.E: The Web Ontology Language (Exercises)
        • 4.S: Literature and Reference Material
      • 5: Methods and Methodologies
        • 5.1: Methodologies for Ontology Development
        • 5.2: Methods to Improve an Ontology’s Quality
        • 5.3: Exercises
        • 5.4: Literature and Reference Material
      • 6: Top-Down Ontology Development
        • 6.0: Prelude to Top-Down Ontology Development
        • 6.1: Foundational Ontologies
        • 6.2: Part-Whole Relations
        • 6.3: Excercises
        • 6.4: Literature and Reference Material
      • 7: Bottom-up Ontology Development
        • 7.1: Relational Databases and Related ‘legacy’ KR
        • 7.2: From Spreadsheets to OWL
        • 7.3: Thesauri
        • 7.4: Text Processing to Extract Content for Ontologies
        • 7.5: Other Semi-Automated Approaches
        • 7.6: Ontology Design Patterns
        • 7.7: Exercises
        • 7.8: Literature and Reference Material
      • 8: Ontology-Based Data Access
        • 8.1: Introduction: Motivations
        • 8.2: OBDA Design Choices
        • 8.3: An OBDA Architecture
        • 8.4: Principal Components
        • 8.5: Exercises
        • 8.6: Literature and Reference Material
      • 9: Ontologies and Natural Languages
        • 9.1: Toward Multilingual Ontologies
        • 9.2: Ontology Verbalisation
        • 9.3: Exercises
        • 9.4: Literature and Reference Material
      • 10: Advanced Modeling with Additional Language Features
        • 10.1: Uncertainty and Vagueness
        • 10.2: Time and Temporal Ontologies
        • 10.3: Exercises
        • 10.4: Literature and Reference Material
      • 11: Bibliography
        • 11.1: Bibliography
        • 11.2: Books About Ontologies
        • 11.3: Selection of Journals that Publish Papers about Ontologies
        • 11.4: Selection of Conferences that Publish Papers about Ontologies
      • 12: Assignments
        • 12.1: Practical Assignment: Develop a Domain Ontology
        • 12.2: Project Assignment
      • 13: OWL 2 Profiles Features List
      • 14: Complexity Recap
      • 15: About the Author
  • Chemical Engineering
    • Supplemental Modules (Chemical Engineering)
      • Chlorosilane Chemistry
        • Elemental Silicon
        • Silicon-Carbon-Chlorine molecules
        • Silicon-Carbon-Oxygen molecules
        • Silicon-Chlorine Bonded Molecules
        • Silicon-Oxygen Bonded Molecules
      • Phase Relations
        • 1: Introduction and Purpose
          • 1.1: Introduction
          • 1.2: Why Study Phase Behavior?
          • 1.3: Summary
          • 1.4: Action Item
        • 2: Phase Diagrams, Part I
          • 2.1: Introduction
          • 2.2: Pure-component Systems
          • 2.3: Action Item
        • 3: Phase Diagrams, Part II
          • 3.1: Vapor Pressure Curve
          • 3.2: PV Diagram for Pure Systems
          • 3.3: Action Item
        • 4: Phase Diagrams, Part III
          • 4.1: Binary Systems
          • 4.2: Retrograde Phenomenon
          • 4.3: Action Item
        • 5: Phase Diagrams, Part IV
          • 5.1: Effect of Composition on Phase Behavior
          • 5.2: Px and Tx Diagrams
          • 5.3: The Lever Rule
          • 5.4: Ternary Systems
          • 5.5: Multicomponent Mixtures
          • 5.6: Action Item
        • 6: PT Behavior and Equations of State (EOS), Part I
          • 6.2: P-V-T Behavior
          • 6.3: Ideal Behavior
          • 6.4: Real Gases
          • 6.6: Action Item
          • 6.1: Introduction
          • 6.5: Summary
        • 7: PT Behavior and Equations of State (EOS), Part II
          • 7.1: The Compressibility (Z-Factor)
          • 7.2: Definition of Equation of State (EOS)
          • 7.3: Purpose and Historical Development
          • 7.4: The van der Waals EOS
          • 7.5: Action Item
        • 8: PT Behavior and Equations of State III
          • 8.1: Principle of Corresponding States (PCS)
          • 8.2: Acentric Factor and Corresponding States
          • 8.3: Action Item
        • 9: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior (I)
          • 9.1: Introduction
          • 9.2: The Cubic Behavior
          • 9.3: Implications of S-shaped curve (Sub-critical Conditions)
          • 9.4: Action Item
        • 10: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior (II)
          • 10.1: Multiple Roots and Cubic Behavior
          • 10.2: Modern Cubic EOS
          • 10.3: Redlich-Kwong EOS (1949)
          • 10.4: Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS (1972)
          • 10.5: Action Item
        • 11: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior (III)
          • 11.1: Peng-Robinson EOS (1976)
          • 11.2: Comparative Assessment of RK, SRK, and PR EOS
          • 11.3: Zc as a Measure of Goodness of an EOS
          • 11.4: Advantages of Using Cubic Equations of State
          • 11.5: Solution Techniques for Cubic Expressions and Root Finding
          • 11.6: Action Item
        • 12: Elementary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (I)
          • 12.1: Introduction
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
            • User Guide
          • 12.2: Types of VLE Problems
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
            • User Guide
          • 12.3: Formulation of the VLE Problem
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
            • User Guide
          • 12.4: Action Item
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
            • User Guide
        • 13: Elementary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (II)
          • 13.1: Analysis of Objective Functions
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
            • User Guide
          • 13.2: Objective Function and Newton-Raphson Procedure
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
            • User Guide
          • 13.3: Do We Really Know Ki
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
          • 13.4: Action Item
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
        • 14: Thermodynamic Tools (I)
          • 14.1: Introduction
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
          • 14.2: Basic Definitions
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
          • 14.3: Thermodynamics of Systems of Constant Composition (Closed Systems)
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
            • User Guide
          • 14.4: Functions of State or State Functions
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
            • User Guide
          • 14.5: Mechanics of Manipulating a Function of State
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
            • User Guide
          • 14.6: Computing Property Changes in Closed Systems
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
            • User Guide
          • 14.7: Action Item
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
            • User Guide
        • 15: Thermodynamic Tools (II)
          • 15.1: Homogeneous Functions, Euler's Theorem and Partial Molar Quantities
          • 15.2: Thermodynamics of Systems of Variable Composition (Open Multicomponent Systems)
          • 15.3: Action Item
        • 16: Thermodynamic Tools (III)
          • 16.1: The Chemical Potentials
          • 16.2: The Thermodynamic Concept of Equilibrium
          • 16.3: Fugacity
          • 16.4: Expressions for Fugacity Calculation
          • 16.5: Cubic EOS Fugacity Expressions
          • 16.6: Action Item
        • 17: Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium via EOS
          • 17.1: Introduction
          • 17.2: Equilibrium and Equilibrium Ratios (Ki)
          • 17.3: Solution Algorithms for VLE Problems
          • 17.4: Successive Substitution Method (SSM)
          • 17.5: The Accelerated Successive Substitution Method (ASSM)
          • 17.6: The Stability Criteria
          • 17.7: Action Item
        • 18: Properties of Natural Gas and Condensates (I)
          • 18.1: Introduction
          • 18.2: Molecular Weight
          • 18.3: Density
          • 18.4: Specific Gravity
          • 18.5: API
          • 18.6: Volumetric Factors (Bo and Bg)
          • 18.7: Isothermal Compressibilities
          • 18.8: Surface Tension
          • 18.9: Action Item
        • 19: Properties of Natural Gas and Condensates (II)
          • 19.1: Heat Capacities
          • 19.2: Joule-Thomson Coefficient
          • 19.3: Viscosity
          • 19.4: Action Item
        • 20: Engineering Applications (I)
          • 20.1: Introduction: Phase Behavior as the Quintessential Tool
          • 20.2: Design and Optimization of Separators
          • 20.3: Compositional Modeling of Gas-Condensate Reservoirs:The Zero-dimensional Approach
          • 20.4: Action Item
        • 21: Engineering Applications (II)
          • 21.1: Natural Gas Pipeline Modeling
          • 21.2: The Hydrate Problem
          • 21.3: Gas Metering
          • 21.4: Action Item
    • Book: Phase Relations
      • 1: Introduction and Purpose
        • 1.1: Introduction
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 1.2: Why Study Phase Behavior?
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 1.3: Summary
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 1.4: Action Item
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
      • 2: Phase Diagrams, Part I
        • 2.1: Introduction
        • 2.2: Pure-component Systems
        • 2.3: Action Item
      • 3: Phase Diagrams, Part II
        • 3.1: Vapor Pressure Curve
        • 3.2: PV Diagram for Pure Systems
        • 3.3: Action Item
      • 4: Phase Diagrams, Part III
        • 4.1: Binary Systems
        • 4.2: Retrograde Phenomenon
        • 4.3: Action Item
      • 5: Phase Diagrams, Part IV
        • 5.1: Effect of Composition on Phase Behavior
        • 5.2: Px and Tx Diagrams
        • 5.3: The Lever Rule
        • 5.4: Ternary Systems
        • 5.5: Multicomponent Mixtures
        • 5.6: Action Item
      • 6: PT Behavior and Equations of State (EOS), Part I
        • 6.2: P-V-T Behavior
        • 6.3: Ideal Behavior
        • 6.4: Real Gases
        • 6.6: Action Item
        • 6.1: Introduction
        • 6.5: Summary
      • 7: PT Behavior and Equations of State (EOS), Part II
        • 7.1: Z-Factor
        • 7.2: Definition of Equation of State (EOS)
        • 7.3: Purpose and Historical Development
        • 7.4: The van der Waals Equation
        • 7.5: Action Item
      • 8: PT Behavior and Equations of State III
        • 8.1: Principle of Corresponding States (PCS)
        • 8.2: Acentric Factor and Corresponding States
        • 8.3: Action Item
      • 9: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior (I)
        • 9.1: Introduction
        • 9.2: The Cubic Behavior
        • 9.3: Implications of S-shaped curve (Sub-critical Conditions)
        • 9.4: Action Item
      • 10: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior (II)
        • 10.1: Multiple Roots and Cubic Behavior
        • 10.2: Modern Cubic EOS
        • 10.3: Redlich-Kwong EOS (1949)
        • 10.4: Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS (1972)
        • 10.5: Action Item
      • 11: Cubic EOS and Their Behavior (III)
        • 11.1: Peng-Robinson EOS (1976)
        • 11.2: Comparative Assessment of RK, SRK, and PR EOS
        • 11.3: Zc as a Measure of Goodness of an EOS
        • 11.4: Advantages of Using Cubic Equations of State
        • 11.5: Solution Techniques for Cubic Expressions and Root Finding
        • 11.6: Action Item
      • 12: Elementary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (I)
        • 12.1: Introduction
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 12.2: Types of VLE Problems
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 12.3: Formulation of the VLE Problem
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 12.4: Action Item
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
      • 13: Elementary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (II)
        • 13.1: Analysis of Objective Functions
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 13.2: Objective Function and Newton-Raphson Procedure
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 13.3: Do We Really Know Ki
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
        • 13.4: Action Item
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
      • 14: Thermodynamic Tools (I)
        • 14.1: Introduction
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
        • 14.2: Basic Definitions
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
        • 14.3: Thermodynamics of Systems of Constant Composition (Closed Systems)
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 14.4: Functions of State or State Functions
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 14.5: Mechanics of Manipulating a Function of State
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 14.6: Computing Property Changes in Closed Systems
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 14.7: Action Item
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
      • 15: Thermodynamic Tools (II)
        • 15.1: Homogeneous Functions, Euler's Theorem and Partial Molar Quantities
        • 15.2: Thermodynamics of Systems of Variable Composition (Open Multicomponent Systems)
        • 15.3: Action Item
      • 16: Thermodynamic Tools (III)
        • 16.1: The Chemical Potentials
        • 16.2: The Thermodynamic Concept of Equilibrium
        • 16.3: Fugacity
        • 16.4: Expressions for Fugacity Calculation
        • 16.5: Cubic EOS Fugacity Expressions
        • 16.6: Action Item
      • 17: Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium via EOS
        • 17.1: Introduction
        • 17.2: Equilibrium and Equilibrium Ratios (Ki)
        • 17.3: Solution Algorithms for VLE Problems
        • 17.4: Successive Substitution Method (SSM)
        • 17.5: The Accelerated Successive Substitution Method (ASSM)
        • 17.6: The Stability Criteria
          • Administrator Guide
          • Getting Started
          • Knowledge Base
          • Known Issues
          • User Guide
        • 17.7: Action Item
      • 18: Properties of Natural Gas and Condensates (I)
        • 18.1: Introduction
        • 18.2: Molecular Weight
        • 18.3: Density
        • 18.4: Specific Gravity
        • 18.5: API
        • 18.6: Volumetric Factors (Bo and Bg)
        • 18.7: Isothermal Compressibilities
        • 18.8: Surface Tension
        • 18.9: Action Item
      • 19: Properties of Natural Gas and Condensates (II)
        • 19.1: Heat Capacities
        • 19.2: Joule-Thomson Coefficient
        • 19.3: Viscosity
        • 19.4: Action Item
      • 20: Engineering Applications (I)
        • 20.1: Introduction: Phase Behavior as the Quintessential Tool
        • 20.2: Design and Optimization of Separators
        • 20.3: Compositional Modeling of Gas-Condensate Reservoirs:The Zero-dimensional Approach
        • 20.4: Action Item
      • 21: Engineering Applications (II)
        • 21.1: Natural Gas Pipeline Modeling
        • 21.2: The Hydrate Problem
        • 21.3: Gas Metering
        • 21.4: Action Item
    • Map: Fluid Mechanics (Bar-Meir)
      • 1: Introduction to Fluids
        • 1.1: What is Fluid Mechanics?
        • 1.2: Brief History
        • 1.2: Thermodynamics
        • 1.3: Kinds of Fluids
          • Shear Stress
        • 1.4: Shear Stress
        • 1.5: Viscosity
          • 1.5.1: General Discussion
          • 1.5.2: Non-Newtonian Fluids
            • Kinematic Viscosity
          • 1.5.3: Kinematic Viscosity
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
          • 1.5.4: Estimation of the Viscosity
        • 1.6: Fluid Properties
          • 1.6.1: Fluid Density
          • 1.6.2: Bulk Modulus
            • 1.6.2.1: Bulk Modulus of Mixtures
            • 1.6.2.2: When the Bulk Modulus is Important? and Hydraulics System
        • 1.7: Surface Tension
          • 1.7.1: Wetting of Surfaces
            • 1.7.1.1: Capillarity
      • 2: Review of Thermodynamics
        • 2.1: Introductory Remarks
        • 2.2: Basic Definitions
        • 2.3: Thermodynamics First Law
        • 2.4: Thermodynamics Second Law
      • 3: Review of Mechanics
        • 3.1: Introductory Remarks
        • 3.2: Kinematics of a Point Body
        • 3.3: Center of Mass
          • 3.3.1: Actual Center of Mass
          • 3.3.2: Aproximate Center of Area
        • 3.4: Moment of Inertia
          • 3.4.1 Moment of Inertia for Mass
          • 3.4.2: Moment of Inertia for Area
            • 3.4.2.1: General Discussion
            • 3.4.2.2: The Parallel Axis Theorem
          • 3.4.3: Examples of Moment of Inertia
          • 3.4.4: Product of Inertia
          • 3.4.5: Principal Axes of Inertia
        • 3.5: Newton's Laws of Motion
        • 3.6: Angular Momentum and Torque
          • 3.6.1: Tables of geometries
      • 4: Fluids Statics
        • 4.1: Introduction
        • 4.2: The Hydrostatic Equation
        • 4.3: Pressure and Density in a Gravitational Field
          • 4.3.1: Constant Density in Gravitational Field
          • 4.3.2: Pressure Management
            • 4.3.2.1: Measuring the Atmospheric Pressure
            • 4.3.2.2: Pressure Measurement
            • 4.3.2.3 Magnified Pressure Measurement
          • 4.3.3 Varying Density in a Gravity Field
            • 4.3.3.1: Gas Phase under Hydrostatic Pressure
            • 4.3.3.2: Liquid Phase Under Hydrostatic Pressure
          • 4.3.4: The Pressure Effects Due To Temperature Variations
            • 4.3.4.1: The Basic Analysis
            • 4.3.4.2 The Stability Analysis
          • 4.3.5: Gravity Variations Effects on Pressure and Density
            • 4.3.5.1: Ideal Gas in Varying Gravity
            • 4.3.5.2: Real Gas in Varying Gravity
            • 4.3.5.3: Liquid Under Varying Gravity
          • 4.3.6 Liquid Phase
        • 4.4: Fluid in an Accelerated System
          • 4.4.1: Fluid in a Linearly Accelerated System
          • 4.4.2 Angular Acceleration Systems: Constant Density
          • 4.4.3: Fluid Statics in Geological System
        • 4.5: Fluid Forces on Surfaces
          • 4.5.1: Fluid Forces on Straight Surfaces
            • 4.5.1.1: Pressure Center
            • 4.5.1.2: Multiply Layers
          • 4.5.2: Forces on Curved Surfaces
        • 4.6: Buoyancy and Stability
          • 4.6.1: Stability
            • 4.6.1.1: Stability of Body with Shifting Mass Centroid
            • 4.6.1.2: Metacentric Height, \(\overline{GM}\), Measurement
            • 4.6.1.3 Stability of Submerged Bodies
            • 4.6.1.4: Stability of None Systematical or ``Strange'' Bodies
            • 4.6.1.5: Neutral frequency of Floating Bodies
          • 4.6.2: Surface Tension
        • 4.7: Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
        • 4.8: Qualitative questions
      • 5: The Control Volume and Mass Conservation
        • 5.1: Introduction
        • 5.2: Control Volume
        • 5.3: Continuity Equation
          • 5.3.1: Non Deformable Control Volume
          • 5.3.2: Constant Density Fluids
            • 5.3.2.1: Non Deformable Control Volume
            • 5.3.2.2: Deformable Control Volume
            • 5.3.2.3: One–Dimensional Control Volume
        • 5.4: Reynolds Transport Theorem
        • 5.5: Examples For Mass Conservation
        • 5.6: The Details Picture – Velocity Area Relationship
        • 5.7: More Examples for Mass Conservation
      • 6: Momentum Conservation for Control Volume
        • 6.1: Momentum Governing Equation
          • 6.1.1: Introduction to Continuous
          • 6.1.2: External Forces
          • 6.1.3: Momentum Governing Equation
          • 6.1.4: Momentum Equation in Acceleration System
          • 6.1.5: Momentum For Steady State and Uniform Flow
            • 6.1.5.1: Momentum for For Constant Pressure and Frictionless Flow
        • 6.2: Momentum Equation Application
          • 6.2.1: Momentum for Unsteady State and Uniform Flow
          • 6.2.2: Momentum Application to Unsteady State
        • 6.3: Conservation Moment Of Momentum
        • 6.4: More Examples on Momentum Conservation
          • 6.4.1: Qualitative Questions
      • 7: Energy Conservation
        • 7.1: The First Law of Thermodynamics
        • 7.2: Limitation of Integral Approach
        • 7.3 Approximation of Energy Equation
          • 7.3.1: Energy Equation in Steady State
          • 7.3.2: Energy Equation in Frictionless Flow and Steady State
        • 7.4: Energy Equation in Accelerated System
          • 7.4.1: Energy in Linear Acceleration Coordinate
          • 7.4.2: Linear Accelerated System
          • 7.4.3: Energy Equation in Rotating Coordinate System
          • 7.4.4: Simplified Energy Equation in Accelerated Coordinate
            • 7.4.4.1: Energy Equation in Accelerated Coordinate with Uniform Flow
          • 7.4.5: Energy Losses in Incompressible Flow
        • 7.5: Examples of Integral Energy Conservation
        • 7.6: Qualitative Questions
      • 8: Differential Analysis
        • 8.1: Introduction
        • 8.2: Mass Conservation
          • 8.2.1 Mass Conservation Examples
        • 8.3: Conservation of General Quantity
          • 8.3.1 Generalization of Mathematical Approach for Derivations
          • 8.3.2 Examples of Several Quantities
            • 8.3.2.1: The General Mass Time Derivative
        • 8.4: Momentum Conservation
        • 8.5: Derivations of the Momentum Equation
        • 8.6: Boundary Conditions and Driving Forces
          • 8.6.1 Boundary Conditions Categories
        • 8.7: Examples for Differential Equation (Navier-Stokes)
          • 8.7.1: Interfacial Instability
      • 9: Dimensional Analysis
        • 9.1 Introductory Remarks
          • 9.1.1: Brief History
          • 9.1.2: Theory Behind Dimensional Analysis
          • 9.1.3: Dimensional Parameters Application for Experimental Study
          • 9.1.4: The Pendulum Class Problem
        • 9.2: Buckingham–π–Theorem
          • 9.2.1: Construction of the Dimensionless Parameters
          • 9.2.2: Basic Units Blocks
          • 9.2.3: Implementation of Construction of Dimensionless Parameters
            • 9.2.3.1: One Shot Method: Constructing Dimensionless Parameters
            • 9.2.3.2: Building Blocks Method: Constructing Dimensional Parameters
            • 9.2.3.3 Mathematical Method: Constructing Dimensional Parameters
          • 9.2.4: Similarity and Similitude
        • 9.3 Nusselt's Technique
        • 9.4 Summary of Dimensionless Numbers
          • 9.4.1: The Significance of these Dimensionless Numbers
          • 9.4.2: Relationship Between Dimensionless Numbers
          • 9.4.3: Examples for Dimensional Analysis
        • 9.5 Summary
      • 10: Inviscid Flow or Potential Flow
        • 10.1 Introduction
          • 10.1.1: Inviscid Momentum Equations
        • 10.2
          • 10.2.1: Streamline and Stream function
          • 10.2.2: Compressible Flow Stream Function
            • 10.2.2.1: Stream Function in a Three Dimensions
          • 10.2.3: The Connection Between the Stream Function and the Potential Function
            • 10.2.3.1: Existences of Stream Functions
        • 10.3 Potential Flow Functions Inventory
          • 10.3.1: Flow Around a Circular Cylinder
            • 10.3.1.1: Adding Circulation to a Cylinder
        • 10.4 Conforming Mapping
          • 10.4.1: Complex Potential and Complex Velocity
        • 10.5 Unsteady State Bernoulli in Accelerated Coordinates
      • 11: Compressible Flow One Dimensional
        • 11.1 What is Compressible Flow?
        • 11.2 Why Compressible Flow is Important?
        • 11.3 Speed of Sound
          • 11.3.1: Introduction
          • 11.3.2: Speed of Sound in Ideal and Perfect Gases
          • 11.3.3: Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible Liquid
          • 11.3.4: Speed of Sound in Solids
          • 11.3.5: The Dimensional Effect of the Speed of Sound
        • 11.4 Isentropic Flow
          • 11.4.1: Stagnation State for Ideal Gas Model
          • 11.4.2: Isentropic Converging–Diverging Flow in Cross Section
          • 11.4.3: The Properties in the Adiabatic Nozzle
            • 11.4.3.1: The pressure Mach number relationship
            • 11.4.3.2: Relationship Between the Mach Number and Cross Section Area
          • 11.4.4: Isentropic Flow Examples
          • 11.4.5: Mass Flow Rate (Number)
          • 11.4.7: The Impulse Function
        • 11.5 Normal Shock
          • 11.5.1: Solution of the Governing Equations
            • 11.5.1.1: The Star Conditions
          • 11.5.2: Prandtl's Condition
          • 11.5.3: Operating Equations and Analysis
        • 11.6 Qualitative questions
          • 11.7 Isothermal Flow
        • 11.7 Isothermal Flow
          • 11.7.1: The Control Volume Analysis/Governing equations
          • 11.7.2: Dimensionless Representation
          • 11.7.3: The Entrance Limitation of Supersonic Branch
          • 11.7.4: Supersonic Branch
          • 11.7.5: Figures and Tables
          • 11.7.6: Isothermal Flow Examples
        • 11.7: Fanno Flow
          • 11.9.1: Introduction
          • 11.7.5
            • 11.7.5.1: Maximum Length for the Supersonic Flow
          • 11.7.6: Working Conditions
            • 11.7.6.1: Variations of The Tube Length (\(ld\)) Effects
            • 11.7.6.2: Fanno Flow Supersonic Branch
          • 11.7.7
            • 11.7.7.1: Choking explanation for pressure variation/reduction
          • 11.7.9: The Practical Questions and Examples of Subsonic branch
          • 11.7.11: Subsonic Fanno Flow for a Given \(M_1\) and Pressure Ratio
          • 11.7.12: More Examples of Fanno Flow
        • 11.8: The Table for Fanno Flow
        • 11.9: Rayleigh Flow
          • 11.9.1: Introduction
          • 11.9.2: Governing Equations
          • 11.9.3: Rayleigh Flow Tables and Figures
          • 11.9.4: Examples For Rayleigh Flow
      • 12: Compressible Flow 2–Dimensional
        • 12.1: Introduction
          • 12.1.1: Preface to Oblique Shock
            • 12.1.1.1: Introduction to Zero Inclination
        • 12.2: Oblique Shock
          • 12.2.1: Solution of Mach Angle
            • 12.2.1.1: Upstream Mach Number, \(M_1\), and Deflection Angle, \(\delta\)
          • 12.2.2: When No Oblique Shock Exist or the case of \(D>0\)
            • 12.2.2.1: Large deflection angle for given, \(M_1\)
            • 12.2.2.2: The case of \(D\geq 0\) or \(0 \geq\delta\)
            • 12.2.2.3: Upstream Mach Number, \(M_1\), and Shock Angle, \(\theta\)
            • 12.2.2.4: Given Two Angles, \(\delta\) and \(\theta\)
            • 12.2.2.5: Flow in a Semi–2D Shape
            • 12.2.2.6: Close and Far Views of the Oblique Shock
            • 12.2.2.7: Maximum Value of Oblique shock
            • 12.2.2.8: Oblique Shock Examples
          • 12.2.3: Application of Oblique Shock
        • 12.3: Prandtl-Meyer Function
          • 12.3.1: Introduction
          • 12.3.2: Geometrical Explanation
        • 12.4: The Maximum Turning Angle
        • 12.5: The Working Equations for the Prandtl-Meyer Function
        • 12.6: d'Alembert's Paradox
        • 12.7: Flat Body with an Angle of Attack
        • 12.8: Examples For Prandtl–Meyer Function
        • 12.9: Combination of the Oblique Shock and Isentropic Expansion
      • 13: Multi–Phase Flow
        • 13.1: Introduction
        • 13.2: History
        • 13.3: What to Expect From This Chapter
        • 13.4: Kind of Multi-Phase Flow
        • 13.5: Classification of Liquid-Liquid Flow Regimes
          • 13.5.1: Co–Current Flow
            • 13.5.1.1: Horizontal Flow
            • 13.5.1.2: Vertical Flow
            • 13.5.1.3: Vertical Flow Under Micro Gravity
        • 13.6: Multi–Phase Flow Variables Definitions
          • 13.6.1: Multi–Phase Averaged Variables Definitions
        • 13.7: Homogeneous Models
          • 13.7.1: Pressure Loss Components
            • 13.7.1.1: Friction Pressure Loss
            • 13.7.1.2: Acceleration Pressure Loss
            • 13.7.1.3: Gravity Pressure Loss
            • 13.7.1.4: Total Pressure Loss
          • 13.7.2: Lockhart Martinelli Model
        • 13.8: Solid–Liquid Flow
          • 13.8.1: Solid Particles with Heavier Density \(\rho_S>\rho_L\)
          • 13.8.2: Solid With Lighter Density \(\rho_S< \rho\) and With Gravity
        • 13.9: Counter–Current Flow
          • 13.9.1: Horizontal Counter–Current Flow
          • 13.9.2: Flooding and Reversal Flow
        • 13.10: Multi–Phase Conclusion
    • Book: Distillation Science (Coleman)
      • 1: Overview
      • 2: Vapor Pressure
      • 3: Critical Properties and Acentric Factor
      • 4: New Vapor Pressure Equation
      • 5: Equation of State
      • 6: Fugacity
      • 7: Liquid Activity Coefficients
      • 8: VLE Analysis Methods
      • 9: Putting It All Together
      • 10: Convergence Strategy
  • Electrical Engineering
    • Book: Electrical Engineering (Johnson)
      • 1: Introduction to Electrical Engineering
        • 1.1: Themes
        • 1.2: Signals Represent Information
        • 1.3: Structure of Communication Systems
        • 1.4: The Fundamental Signal
        • 1.5: Introduction Problems
      • 2: Signals and Systems
        • 2.1: Complex Numbers
        • 2.2: Elemental Signals
        • 2.3: Signal Decomposition
        • 2.4: Discrete-Time Signals
        • 2.5: Introduction to Systems
        • 2.6: Simple Systems
        • 2.7: Signals and Systems Problems
      • 3: Analog Signal Processing
        • 3.1: Voltage, Current, and Generic Circuit Elements
        • 3.2: Ideal Circuit Elements
        • 3.3: Ideal and Real-World Circuit Elements
        • 3.4: Electric Circuits and Interconnection Laws
        • 3.5: Power Dissipation in Resistor Circuits
        • 3.6: Series and Parallel Circuits
        • 3.7: Equivalent Circuits - Resistors and Sources
        • 3.8: Circuits with Capacitors and Inductors
        • 3.9: The Impedance Concept
        • 3.10: Time and Frequency Domains
        • 3.11: Power in the Frequency Domain
        • 3.12: Equivalent Circuits - Impedances and Sources
        • 3.13: Transfer Functions
        • 3.14: Designing Transfer Functions
        • 3.15: Formal Circuit Methods - Node Method
        • 3.16: Power Conservation in Circuits
        • 3.17: Electronics
        • 3.18: Dependent Sources
        • 3.19: Operational Amplifiers
        • 3.20: The Diode
        • 3.21: Analog Signal Processing Problems
      • 4: Frequency Domain
        • 4.1: Introduction to the Frequency Domain
        • 4.2: Complex Fourier Series
        • 4.3: Classic Fourier Series
        • 4.4: A Signal's Spectrum
        • 4.5: Fourier Series Approximation of Signals
        • 4.6: Encoding Information in the Frequency Domain
        • 4.7: Filtering Periodic Signals
        • 4.8: Derivation of the Fourier Transform
        • 4.9: Linear Time Invariant Systems
        • 4.10: Modeling the Speech Signal
        • 4.11: Frequency Domain Problems
      • 5: Digital Signal Processing
        • 5.1: Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
        • 5.2: Introduction to Computer Organization
        • 5.3: The Sampling Theorem
        • 5.4: Amplitude Quantization
        • 5.5: Discrete -Time Signals and Systems
        • 5.6: Discrete -Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
        • 5.7: Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFT)
        • 5.8: DFT - Computational Complexity
        • 5.9: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
        • 5.10: Spectrograms
        • 5.11: Discrete -Time Systems
        • 5.12: Discrete -Time Systems in the Time-Domain
        • 5.13: Discrete -Time Systems in the Frequency Domain
        • 5.14: Filtering in the Frequency Domain
        • 5.15: Efficiency of Frequency - Domain Filtering
        • 5.16: Discrete -Time Filtering of Analog Signals
        • 5.17: Digital Signal Processing Problems
      • 6: Information Communication
        • 6.1: Information Communication
        • 6.2: Types of Communication Channels
        • 6.3: Wireline Channels
        • 6.4: Wireless Channels
        • 6.5: Line-of-Sight Transmission
        • 6.6: The Ionosphere and Communications
        • 6.7: Communication with Satellites
        • 6.8: Noise and Interference
        • 6.9: Channel Models
        • 6.10: Baseband Communication
        • 6.11: Modulated Communication
        • 6.12: Signal-to-Noise Ratio of an Amplitude-Modulated Signal
        • 6.13: Digital Communication
        • 6.14: Binary Phase Shift Keying
        • 6.15: Frequency Shift Keying
        • 6.16: Digital Communication Receivers
        • 6.17: Digital Communication in the Presence of Noise
        • 6.18: Digital Communication System Properties
        • 6.19: Digital Channels
        • 6.20: Entropy
        • 6.21: Source Coding Theorem
        • 6.22: Compression and the Huffman Code
        • 6.23: Subtlies of Coding
        • 6.24: Channel Coding
        • 6.25: Repetition Codes
        • 6.26: Block Channel Coding
        • 6.27: Error-Correcting Codes - Hamming Distance
        • 6.28: Error-Correcting Codes - Channel Decoding
        • 6.29: Error-Correcting Codes - Hamming Codes
        • 6.30: Noisy Channel Coding Theorem
        • 6.31: Capacity of a Channel
        • 6.32: Comparison of Analog and Digital Communication
        • 6.33: Communication Networks
        • 6.34: Message Routing
        • 6.35: Network architectures and interconnection
        • 6.36: Ethernet
        • 6.37: Communication Protocols
        • 6.38: Information Communication Problems
      • 7: Appendix
        • 7.1: Decibels
        • 7.2: Permutations and Combinations
        • 7.3: Frequency Allocations
        • 7.4: Parseval's Theorem
        • 7.5: Fourier Transform Properties
    • Book: Electromagnetics I (Ellingson)
      • 1: Preliminary Concepts
        • 1.1: What is Electromagnetics?
        • 1.2: Electromagnetic Spectrum
        • 1.3: Fundamentals of Waves
        • 1.4: Guided and Unguided Waves
        • 1.5: Phasors
        • 1.6: Units
        • 1.7: Notation
      • 2: Electric and Magnetic Fields
        • 2.1: What is a Field?
        • 2.2: Electric Field Intensity
        • 2.3: Permittivity
        • 2.4: Electric Flux Density
        • 2.5: Magnetic Flux Density
        • 2.6: Permeability
        • 2.7: Magnetic Field Intensity
        • 2.8: Electromagnetic Properties of Materials
      • 3: Transmission Lines
        • 3.1: Introduction to Transmission Lines
        • 3.2: Types of Transmission Lines
        • 3.3: Transmission Lines as Two-Port Devices
        • 3.4: Lumped-Element Model
        • 3.5: Telegrapher’s Equations
        • 3.6: Wave Equation for a TEM Transmission Line
        • 3.7: Characteristic Impedance
        • 3.8: Wave Propagation on a TEM Transmission Line
        • 3.9: Lossless and Low-Loss Transmission Lines
        • 3.10: Coaxial Line
        • 3.11: Microstrip Line
        • 3.12: Voltage Reflection Coefficient
        • 3.13: Standing Waves
        • 3.14: Standing Wave Ratio
        • 3.15: Input Impedance of a Terminated Lossless Transmission Line
        • 3.16: Input Impedance for Open- and Short-Circuit Terminations
        • 3.17: Applications of Open- and Short-Circuited Transmission Line Stubs
        • 3.18: Measurement of Transmission Line Characteristics
        • 3.19: Quarter-Wavelength Transmission Line
        • 3.20: Power Flow on Transmission Lines
        • 3.21: Impedance Matching - General Considerations
        • 3.22: Single-Reactance Matching
        • 3.23: Single-Stub Matching
      • 4: Vector Analysis
        • 4.1: Vector Arithmetic
        • 4.2: Cartesian Coordinates
        • 4.3: Cylindrical Coordinates
        • 4.4: Spherical Coordinates
        • 4.5: Gradient
        • 4.6: Divergence
        • 4.7: Divergence Theorem
        • 4.8: Curl
        • 4.9: Stokes' Theorem
        • 4.10: The Laplacian Operator
      • 5: Electrostatics
        • 5.1: Coulomb’s Law
        • 5.2: Electric Field Due to Point Charges
        • 5.3: Charge Distributions
        • 5.4: Electric Field Due to a Continuous Distribution of Charge
        • 5.5: Gauss’ Law - Integral Form
        • 5.6: Electric Field Due to an Infinite Line Charge using Gauss’ Law
        • 5.7: Gauss’ Law - Differential Form
        • 5.8: Force, Energy, and Potential Difference
        • 5.9: Independence of Path
        • 5.10: Kirchoff’s Voltage Law for Electrostatics - Integral Form
        • 5.11: Kirchoff’s Voltage Law for Electrostatics: Differential Form
        • 5.12: Electric Potential Field Due to Point Charges
        • 5.13: Electric Potential Field due to a Continuous Distribution of Charge
        • 5.14: Electric Field as the Gradient of Potential
        • 5.15: Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations
        • 5.16: Potential Field Within a Parallel Plate Capacitor
        • 5.17: Boundary Conditions on the Electric Field Intensity (E)
        • 5.18: Boundary Conditions on the Electric Flux Density (D)
        • 5.19: Charge and Electric Field for a Perfectly Conducting Region
        • 5.20: Dielectric Media
        • 5.21: Dielectric Breakdown
        • 5.22: Capacitance
        • 5.23: The Thin Parallel Plate Capacitor
        • 5.24: Capacitance of a Coaxial Structure
        • 5.25: Electrostatic Energy
      • 6: Steady Current and Conductivity
        • 6.1: Convection and Conduction Currents
        • 6.2: Current Distributions
        • 6.3: Conductivity
        • 6.4: Resistance
        • 6.5: Conductance
        • 6.6: Power Dissipation in Conducting Media
      • 7: Magnetostatics
        • 7.1: Comparison of Electrostatics and Magnetostatics
        • 7.2: Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields - Integral Form
        • 7.3: Gauss’ Law for Magnetism - Differential Form
        • 7.4: Ampere’s Circuital Law (Magnetostatics) - Integral Form
        • 7.5: Magnetic Field of an Infinitely-Long Straight Current-Bearing Wire
        • 7.6: Magnetic Field Inside a Straight Coil
        • 7.7: Magnetic Field of a Toroidal Coil
        • 7.8: Magnetic Field of an Infinite Current Sheet
        • 7.9: Ampere’s Law (Magnetostatics) - Differential Form
        • 7.10: Boundary Conditions on the Magnetic Flux Density (B)
        • 7.11: Boundary Conditions on the Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
        • 7.12: Inductance
        • 7.13: Inductance of a Straight Coil
        • 7.14: Inductance of a Coaxial Structure
        • 7.15: Magnetic Energy
        • 7.16: Magnetic Materials
      • 8: Time-Varying Fields
        • 8.1: Comparison of Static and Time-Varying Electromagnetics
        • 8.2: Electromagnetic Induction
        • 8.3: Faraday’s Law
        • 8.4: Induction in a Motionless Loop
        • 8.5: Transformers - Principle of Operation
        • 8.6: Transformers as Two-Port Devices
        • 8.7: The Electric Generator
        • 8.8: The Maxwell-Faraday Equation
        • 8.9: Displacement Current and Ampere’s Law
      • 9: Plane Waves in Loseless Media
        • 9.1: Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Phasor Form
        • 9.2: Wave Equations for Source-Free and Lossless Regions
        • 9.3: Types of Waves
        • 9.4: Uniform Plane Waves: Derivation
        • 9.5: Uniform Plane Waves: Characteristics
        • 9.6: Wave Polarization
        • 9.7: Wave Power in a Lossless Medium
      • A: Constitutive Parameters of Some Common Materials
        • A.1: Permittivity of Some Common Materials
        • A.2: Permeability of Some Common Materials
        • A.3: Conductivity of Some Common Materials
      • B: Mathematical Formulas
        • B.1: Trigonometry
        • B.2: Vector Operators
        • B.3: Vector Identities
      • C: Physical Constants
        • C: Physical Constants
    • Book: Fast Fourier Transforms (Burrus)
      • 1: Fast Fourier Transforms
        • Introduction
      • 2: Multidimensional Index Mapping
        • 2.1: Introduction
        • 2.2: The Index Map
        • 2.3: In-Place Calculation of the DFT and Scrambling
        • 2.4: Efficiencies Resulting from Index Mapping with the DFT
        • 2.5: The FFT as a Recursive Evaluation of the DFT
      • 3: Polynomial Description of Signals
        • 3.1: Introduction
        • 3.2: Polynomial Reduction and the Chinese Remainder Theorem
        • 3.3: The DFT as a Polynomial Evaluation
      • 4: The DFT as Convolution or Filtering
        • 4.1: Introduction
        • 4.2: Rader's Conversion of the DFT into Convolution
        • 4.3: The Chirp Z-Transform or Bluestein's Algorithm
        • 4.4: Goertzel's Algorithm or A Better DFT Algorithm
        • 4.5: The Quick Fourier Transform (QFT)
      • 5: Factoring the Signal Processing Operators
        • 5.1: Introduction
        • 5.2: The FFT from Factoring the DFT Operator
        • 5.3: Algebraic Theory of Signal Processing Algorithms
      • 6: Winograd's Short DFT Algorithms
        • 6.1: Introduction
        • 6.2: Winograd Fourier Transform Algorithm (WFTA)
        • 6.3: The Bilinear Structure
        • 6.4: Winograd's Complexity Theorems
        • 6.5: The Automatic Generation of Winograd's Short DFTs
      • 7: DFT and FFT - An Algebraic View
        • 7.1: Introduction
        • 7.2: Polynomial Algebras and the DFT
        • 7.3: Algebraic Derivation of the Cooley-Tukey FFT
        • 7.4: Discussion and Further Reading
      • 8: The Cooley-Tukey Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm
        • 8.1: Introduction
        • 8.2: Basic Cooley-Tukey FFT
        • 8.3: Modifications to the Basic Cooley-Tukey FFT
        • 8.4: The Split-Radix FFT Algorithm
        • 8.5: Evaluation of the Cooley-Tukey FFT Algorithms
        • 8.6: The Quick Fourier Transform - An FFT based on Symmetries
      • 9: The Prime Factor and Winograd Fourier Transform Algorithms
        • 9.1: Introduction
        • 9.2: The Prime Factor Algorithm
        • 9.3: The Winograd Fourier Transform Algorithm
        • 9.4: Modifications of the PFA and WFTA Type Algorithms
        • 9.5: Evaluation of the PFA and WFTA
      • 10: Implementing FFTs in Practice
        • 10.1: Introduction
        • 10.2: Review of the Cooley-Tukey FFT
        • 10.3: Goals and Background of the FFTW Project
        • 10.4: FFTs and the Memory Hierarchy
        • 10.5: Adaptive Composition of FFT Algorithms
        • 10.6: Generating Small FFT Kernels
        • 10.7: SIMD instructions
        • 10.8: Numerical Accuracy in FFTs
        • 10.9: Concluding Remarks
      • 11: Algorithms for Data with Restrictions
        • 11.1: Introduction
        • 11.2: Various Approaches to Developing Special Methods
        • 11.3: Special Algorithms for input Data that is mostly Zero
      • 12: Convolution Algorithms
        • 12.1: Introduction
        • 12.2: Fast Convolution by Overlap-Add and Overlap-Save
        • 12.3: Block Processing - a Generalization of Overlap Methods
        • 12.4: Direct Fast Convolution and Rectangular Transforms
        • 12.5: Number Theoretic Transforms for Convolution
      • 13: Comments and Conclusion
        • 13.1: Comments
        • 13.2: Conclusion
      • 14: Appendix
        • 14.1: Appendix 1 - FFT Flowgraphs
        • 14.2: Appendix 2 - Operation Counts for General Length FFT
        • 14.3: Appendix 3 - FFT Computer Programs
        • 14.4: Appendix 4 - Programs for Short FFTs
  • Materials Science
    • Supplemental Modules (Materials Science)
      • Electronic Properties
        • Brillouin Zones
        • Compton Effect
        • Debye Model For Specific Heat
        • Density of States
        • Electron-Hole Recombination
        • Energy bands in solids and their calculations
        • Fermi Energy and Fermi Surface
        • Ferroelectricity
        • Hall Effect
        • Ladder Operators
        • Lattice Vibrations
        • Piezoelectricity
        • Real and Reciprocal Crystal Lattices
        • Resistivity
        • Solving the Ultraviolet Catastrophe
        • Thermocouples
        • Thermoelectrics
        • X-ray diffraction, Bragg's law and Laue equation
      • Magnetic Properties
        • Antiferromagnetism
        • Diamagnetism
        • Ferrimagnetism
        • Ferromagnetism
        • Magnetic Domains
        • Magnetic Hysteresis
        • Magnetic Memory
        • Magnetostriction
        • Meissner Effect
        • Superparamagnetism
      • Optical Properties
        • Dielectric Polarization
        • Dispersion Relation
        • Fiber Optics
        • Metallic Reflection
        • Optical Computing
        • Plasma Displays
        • Polarization of Waves
        • Snell's Law
      • Polymer Chemistry
        • Polymer Chemistry: Chemical Composition
          • Polymer Chemistry: Intermolecular Forces
          • Polymer Chemistry: Pendant Groups
          • Polymer Chemistry: Polymerization Reactions
          • Polymer Chemistry: Stiffening Groups
        • Polymer Chemistry: Experimental Methods
          • Polymer Chemistry: Polymer Density
          • Polymer Chemistry: Tensile Testing
          • Polymer Chemistry - Differential Scanning Calorimetry
        • Polymer Chemistry: Isomerism
        • Polymer Chemistry: Mechanical Properties
        • Polymer Chemistry: Molecular Weight Averages
        • Polymer Chemistry: Morphology
          • Polymer Chemistry: Classification of Polymers
          • Polymer Chemistry: Crystallization Tendency
          • Polymer Chemistry: Polymer Crystallinity
        • Polymer Chemistry: Topology
        • Polymer Chemistry: Transitions
          • Polymer Chemistry: Crystal Melting Transition
          • Polymer Chemistry: Factors Influencing Tg
          • Polymer Chemistry: The Glass Transition
      • Materials and Devices
        • Bipolar Junction Transistor
        • Conductive Polymers
        • Metal Oxide Semiconductors
        • Multi-junction Photovoltaics
        • Organic Solar Cells
        • Solar Cells
      • Metals
        • Band Theory of Metals and Insultators
        • Iron
        • Superconductivity
      • Semiconductors
        • Band Theory of Semiconductors
        • Extrinsic Semiconductors
        • Fermi level
        • Intrinsic Semiconductors
        • Intrinsic Semiconductors II
        • Light Emitting Diodes
        • Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Fundamentals
        • Metal-Semiconductors Contacts
        • Nonideal PN Junction Diodes
        • Plasmon Resonance
        • Quantum Dots
      • Insulators
        • Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
        • Glass (Amorphous Solids)
        • Polymeric Thin Film Dielectrics
      • The Science of Solar
        • 2. Advanced
        • Appendix
          • Periodic Table of the Elements
        • Solar Basics
          • A. Introductory Physics for Solar Application
            • I. Atoms and Materials
              • 1. Basics of Quantum Theory
              • 2. Photovoltaic Effect
              • 3. Atoms and Orbitals
              • 4. Covalent Bonds
              • 5. Crystalline Structures and Semiconductors
            • II. Electricity
              • 1. Charge Carriers and the Electric Field
              • 2. Voltage Potential
              • 3. Electric Current
              • 4. Circuits (Resistors and Capacitors)
              • 5. Diodes
          • B. Basics of the Sun
            • I. Properties of Light
              • 1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
              • 2. Photon Energy and Flux
              • 3. Spectral Irradiance
              • 4. Radiant Power Density
            • II. The Sun As a Source of Radiation
              • 1. Black Body Radiation
              • 2. Nuclear Fusion
              • 3. Convection and Solar Radiation
            • III. Solar Radiation Outside the Earth's Atmosphere
            • IV. Atmospheric Effects on Solar Intensity
            • V. Air Mass
            • VI. The Sun's Motion
            • VII. Radiation Capture at the Surface
          • C. Semiconductors and Solar Interactions
            • I. Basic Properties of Semiconductors
              • 1. Electron Excitation and Holes
              • 2. Bond Model of a Group IV Semiconductor
              • 3. Band Gaps
              • 4. Fermi Energy Levels
            • II. Conduction in Semiconductors
              • 1. Intrinsic Carrier Concentration
              • 2. Impurities in Semiconductors
              • 3. Equilibrium Carrier Concentration
              • 4: Carrier Drift and Mobility
              • 5. Diffusion Current
            • III. Absorption of Light and Generation
              • 1. Absorption Coefficient and Penetration Depth
              • 2. Direct Semiconductors
              • 3. Indirect Semiconductors
              • 4. Other Absorption Processes
            • IV. Recombination of Charge Carriers
              • 1. Lifetime and Doping
              • 2. Radiative (Band-to-Band) Recombination
              • 3. Auger Recombination
              • 4. Recombination with Defect Levels (Shockley-Read-Hall)
            • V. Equations of Device Physics
          • D. P-N Junction Diodes
            • I. P-Type, N-Type Semiconductors
            • II. P-N Junction
              • 1. Open-Circuit Properties
              • 2. Space Charge Region Width and Capacitance
              • 3. Reverse Bias
              • 4. Forward Bias
            • III. Ideal Diode Equation
            • IV. Behaviors of the p-n Junction
              • 1. Dark Characteristics
              • 2. Illuminated Characteristics
          • E. Solar Cell Operation
            • I. Ideal Solar Cells
              • 1. Solar Cell Structure
              • 2. Light Generated Current
              • 3. Collection Probability
              • 4. Quantum Efficiency
              • 5. Spectral Response
            • II. Solar Cell Parameters
              • 1. Current-Voltage Characteristic of an Infinite Solar Cell
              • 2. Short-Circuit Current
              • 3. Open Circuit Voltage
              • 4. Fill Factor
              • 5. Efficiency
            • III. Resistive Effects
          • F. Solar Cell Efficiency
          • G. Monocrystalline
            • I. Efficiency Strategies
            • II. Material Design
          • H. Thin Films
          • I. Organic
            • I. Efficiency Strategies
    • TLP Library Vol. 2
      • Chapter 1
        • Section 1:
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      • Chapter 18
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      • Chapter 19
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      • Chapter 20
        • Section 1:
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  • Civil Engineering
    • Book: Introduction to Design Equity (Miller)
      • 1: Introduction
      • 2: Learning to Talk about Racism
      • 3: Why History Matters to Design Equity
      • 4: Health Equity and the Built Environment
      • 5: Transportation Equity
      • 6: Information Equity
      • 7: What is Design Thinking and What does it have to do with Equity?
      • 8: Discipline-Specific Professional Design Processes and Equity
      • Acknowledgements and Dedication
      • Copyright
      • Title Page
    • Book: Mapping, Society, and Technology (Manson)
      • 1: Maps, Society, and Technology
      • 2. Data
      • 3: Scale and Projections
      • 4: Design and Symbolization
      • 5: Simplification
      • 6: Analysis
      • 7: Lying With Maps
      • 8: Surveillance
      • 9: Social Maps
      • 10. Conclusion
• Under Construction
  • Development Details
    • Site Maps
      • SiteMap All
      • SiteMap Core
      • SiteMap Libretexts
      • SiteMap Textmaps
    • OER Remixer
  • Purgatory
    • Book: An Introduction to Computer Networks
      • 0: Preface
      • 10: Large-Scale IP Routing
      • 11: UDP Transport
      • 12: TCP Transport
      • 13: TCP Reno and Congestion Management
      • 14: Dynamics of TCP
      • 15: Newer TCP Implementations
      • 16: Network Simulations: ns-2
      • 17: The ns-3 Network Simulator
      • 18: Mininet
      • 19: Queuing and Scheduling
      • 1: An Overview of Networks
      • 20: Quality of Service
      • 21: Network Management and SNMP
      • 22: Security
      • 23 Bibliography
      • 24: Selected Solutions
      • 2: Ethernet
      • 3: Other LANs
      • 4: Links
      • 5: Packets
      • 6: Abstract Sliding Windows
      • 7: IP version 4
      • 8: IP version 6
      • 9: Routing-Update Algorithms
      • An Introduction to Computer Networks
      • Untitled Page 587
      • Untitled Page 910
    • Book: Fluid Mechanics (Bar-Meir) - old copy
      • 1: Introduction to Fluids
        • 1.1: What is Fluid Mechanics?
        • 1.2: Brief History
        • 1.2: Thermodynamics
        • 1.3: Kinds of Fluids
          • Shear Stress
        • 1.4: Shear Stress
        • 1.5: Viscosity
          • 1.5.1: General Discussion
          • 1.5.2: Non-Newtonian Fluids
            • Kinematic Viscosity
          • 1.5.3: Kinematic Viscosity
            • Administrator Guide
            • Getting Started
            • Knowledge Base
            • Known Issues
          • 1.5.4: Estimation of the Viscosity
        • 1.6: Fluid Properties
          • 1.6.1: Fluid Density
          • 1.6.2: Bulk Modulus
            • 1.6.2.1: Bulk Modulus of Mixtures
            • 1.6.2.2: When the Bulk Modulus is Important? and Hydraulics System
        • 1.7: Surface Tension
          • 1.7.1: Wetting of Surfaces
            • 1.7.1.1: Capillarity
      • 2: Review of Thermodynamics
        • 2.1: Introductory Remarks
        • 2.2: Basic Definitions
        • 2.3: Thermodynamics First Law
        • 2.4: Thermodynamics Second Law
      • 3: Review of Mechanics
        • 3.1: Introductory Remarks
        • 3.2: Kinematics of a Point Body
        • 3.3: Center of Mass
          • 3.3.1: Actual Center of Mass
          • 3.3.2: Aproximate Center of Area
        • 3.4: Moment of Inertia
          • 3.4.1 Moment of Inertia for Mass
          • 3.4.2: Moment of Inertia for Area
            • 3.4.2.1: General Discussion
            • 3.4.2.2: The Parallel Axis Theorem
          • 3.4.3: Examples of Moment of Inertia
          • 3.4.4: Product of Inertia
          • 3.4.5: Principal Axes of Inertia
        • 3.5: Newton's Laws of Motion
        • 3.6: Angular Momentum and Torque
          • 3.6.1: Tables of geometries
      • 4: Fluids Statics
        • 4.1: Introduction
        • 4.2: The Hydrostatic Equation
        • 4.3: Pressure and Density in a Gravitational Field
          • 4.3.1: Constant Density in Gravitational Field
          • 4.3.2: Pressure Management
            • 4.3.2.1: Measuring the Atmospheric Pressure
            • 4.3.2.2: Pressure Measurement
            • 4.3.2.3 Magnified Pressure Measurement
          • 4.3.3 Varying Density in a Gravity Field
            • 4.3.3.1: Gas Phase under Hydrostatic Pressure
            • 4.3.3.2: Liquid Phase Under Hydrostatic Pressure
          • 4.3.4: The Pressure Effects Due To Temperature Variations
            • 4.3.4.1: The Basic Analysis
            • 4.3.4.2 The Stability Analysis
          • 4.3.5: Gravity Variations Effects on Pressure and Density
            • 4.3.5.1: Ideal Gas in Varying Gravity
            • 4.3.5.2: Real Gas in Varying Gravity
            • 4.3.5.3: Liquid Under Varying Gravity
          • 4.3.6 Liquid Phase
        • 4.4: Fluid in an Accelerated System
          • 4.4.1: Fluid in a Linearly Accelerated System
          • 4.4.2 Angular Acceleration Systems: Constant Density
          • 4.4.3: Fluid Statics in Geological System
        • 4.5: Fluid Forces on Surfaces
          • 4.5.1: Fluid Forces on Straight Surfaces
            • 4.5.1.1: Pressure Center
            • 4.5.1.2: Multiply Layers
          • 4.5.2: Forces on Curved Surfaces
        • 4.6: Buoyancy and Stability
          • 4.6.1: Stability
            • 4.6.1.1: Stability of Body with Shifting Mass Centroid
            • 4.6.1.2: Metacentric Height, \(\overline{GM}\), Measurement
            • 4.6.1.3 Stability of Submerged Bodies
            • 4.6.1.4: Stability of None Systematical or ``Strange'' Bodies
            • 4.6.1.5: Neutral frequency of Floating Bodies
          • 4.6.2: Surface Tension
        • 4.7: Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
        • 4.8: Qualitative questions
      • 5: The Control Volume and Mass Conservation
        • 5.1: Introduction
        • 5.2: Control Volume
        • 5.3: Continuity Equation
          • 5.3.1: Non Deformable Control Volume
          • 5.3.2: Constant Density Fluids
            • 5.3.2.1: Non Deformable Control Volume
            • 5.3.2.2: Deformable Control Volume
            • 5.3.2.3: One–Dimensional Control Volume
        • 5.4: Reynolds Transport Theorem
        • 5.5: Examples For Mass Conservation
        • 5.6: The Details Picture – Velocity Area Relationship
        • 5.7: More Examples for Mass Conservation
      • 6: Momentum Conservation for Control Volume
        • 6.1: Momentum Governing Equation
          • 6.1.1: Introduction to Continuous
          • 6.1.2: External Forces
          • 6.1.3: Momentum Governing Equation
          • 6.1.4: Momentum Equation in Acceleration System
          • 6.1.5: Momentum For Steady State and Uniform Flow
            • 6.1.5.1: Momentum for For Constant Pressure and Frictionless Flow
        • 6.2: Momentum Equation Application
          • 6.2.1: Momentum for Unsteady State and Uniform Flow
          • 6.2.2: Momentum Application to Unsteady State
        • 6.3: Conservation Moment Of Momentum
        • 6.4: More Examples on Momentum Conservation
          • 6.4.1: Qualitative Questions
      • 7: Energy Conservation
        • 7.1: The First Law of Thermodynamics
        • 7.2: Limitation of Integral Approach
        • 7.3 Approximation of Energy Equation
          • 7.3.1: Energy Equation in Steady State
          • 7.3.2: Energy Equation in Frictionless Flow and Steady State
        • 7.4: Energy Equation in Accelerated System
          • 7.4.1: Energy in Linear Acceleration Coordinate
          • 7.4.2: Linear Accelerated System
          • 7.4.3: Energy Equation in Rotating Coordinate System
          • 7.4.4: Simplified Energy Equation in Accelerated Coordinate
            • 7.4.4.1: Energy Equation in Accelerated Coordinate with Uniform Flow
          • 7.4.5: Energy Losses in Incompressible Flow
        • 7.5: Examples of Integral Energy Conservation
        • 7.6: Qualitative Questions
      • 8: Differential Analysis
        • 8.1: Introduction
        • 8.2: Mass Conservation
          • 8.2.1 Mass Conservation Examples
        • 8.3: Conservation of General Quantity
          • 8.3.1 Generalization of Mathematical Approach for Derivations
          • 8.3.2 Examples of Several Quantities
            • 8.3.2.1: The General Mass Time Derivative
        • 8.4: Momentum Conservation
        • 8.5: Derivations of the Momentum Equation
        • 8.6: Boundary Conditions and Driving Forces
          • 8.6.1 Boundary Conditions Categories
        • 8.7: Examples for Differential Equation (Navier-Stokes)
          • 8.7.1: Interfacial Instability
      • 9: Dimensional Analysis
        • 9.1 Introductory Remarks
          • 9.1.1: Brief History
          • 9.1.2: Theory Behind Dimensional Analysis
          • 9.1.3: Dimensional Parameters Application for Experimental Study
          • 9.1.4: The Pendulum Class Problem
        • 9.2: Buckingham–π–Theorem
          • 9.2.1: Construction of the Dimensionless Parameters
          • 9.2.2: Basic Units Blocks
          • 9.2.3: Implementation of Construction of Dimensionless Parameters
            • 9.2.3.1: One Shot Method: Constructing Dimensionless Parameters
            • 9.2.3.2: Building Blocks Method: Constructing Dimensional Parameters
            • 9.2.3.3 Mathematical Method: Constructing Dimensional Parameters
          • 9.2.4: Similarity and Similitude
        • 9.3 Nusselt's Technique
        • 9.4 Summary of Dimensionless Numbers
          • 9.4.1: The Significance of these Dimensionless Numbers
          • 9.4.2: Relationship Between Dimensionless Numbers
          • 9.4.3: Examples for Dimensional Analysis
        • 9.5 Summary
      • 10: Inviscid Flow or Potential Flow
        • 10.1 Introduction
          • 10.1.1: Inviscid Momentum Equations
        • 10.2
          • 10.2.1: Streamline and Stream function
          • 10.2.2: Compressible Flow Stream Function
            • 10.2.2.1: Stream Function in a Three Dimensions
          • 10.2.3: The Connection Between the Stream Function and the Potential Function
            • 10.2.3.1: Existences of Stream Functions
        • 10.3 Potential Flow Functions Inventory
          • 10.3.1: Flow Around a Circular Cylinder
            • 10.3.1.1: Adding Circulation to a Cylinder
        • 10.4 Conforming Mapping
          • 10.4.1: Complex Potential and Complex Velocity
        • 10.5 Unsteady State Bernoulli in Accelerated Coordinates
      • 11: Compressible Flow One Dimensional
        • 11.1 What is Compressible Flow?
        • 11.2 Why Compressible Flow is Important?
        • 11.3 Speed of Sound
          • 11.3.1: Introduction
          • 11.3.2: Speed of Sound in Ideal and Perfect Gases
          • 11.3.3: Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible Liquid
          • 11.3.4: Speed of Sound in Solids
          • 11.3.5: The Dimensional Effect of the Speed of Sound
        • 11.4 Isentropic Flow
          • 11.4.1: Stagnation State for Ideal Gas Model
          • 11.4.2: Isentropic Converging–Diverging Flow in Cross Section
          • 11.4.3: The Properties in the Adiabatic Nozzle
            • 11.4.3.1: The pressure Mach number relationship
            • 11.4.3.2: Relationship Between the Mach Number and Cross Section Area
          • 11.4.4: Isentropic Flow Examples
          • 11.4.5: Mass Flow Rate (Number)
          • 11.4.7: The Impulse Function
        • 11.5 Normal Shock
          • 11.5.1: Solution of the Governing Equations
            • 11.5.1.1: The Star Conditions
          • 11.5.2: Prandtl's Condition
          • 11.5.3: Operating Equations and Analysis
        • 11.6 Qualitative questions
          • 11.7 Isothermal Flow
        • 11.7 Isothermal Flow
          • 11.7.1: The Control Volume Analysis/Governing equations
          • 11.7.2: Dimensionless Representation
          • 11.7.3: The Entrance Limitation of Supersonic Branch
          • 11.7.4: Supersonic Branch
          • 11.7.5: Figures and Tables
          • 11.7.6: Isothermal Flow Examples
        • 11.7: Fanno Flow
          • 11.9.1: Introduction
          • 11.7.5
            • 11.7.5.1: Maximum Length for the Supersonic Flow
          • 11.7.6: Working Conditions
            • 11.7.6.1: Variations of The Tube Length (\(ld\)) Effects
            • 11.7.6.2: Fanno Flow Supersonic Branch
          • 11.7.7
            • 11.7.7.1: Choking explanation for pressure variation/reduction
          • 11.7.9: The Practical Questions and Examples of Subsonic branch
          • 11.7.11: Subsonic Fanno Flow for a Given \(M_1\) and Pressure Ratio
          • 11.7.12: More Examples of Fanno Flow
        • 11.8: The Table for Fanno Flow
        • 11.9: Rayleigh Flow
          • 11.9.1: Introduction
          • 11.9.2: Governing Equations
          • 11.9.3: Rayleigh Flow Tables and Figures
          • 11.9.4: Examples For Rayleigh Flow
      • 12: Compressible Flow 2–Dimensional
        • 12.1: Introduction
          • 12.1.1: Preface to Oblique Shock
            • 12.1.1.1: Introduction to Zero Inclination
        • 12.2: Oblique Shock
          • 12.2.1: Solution of Mach Angle
            • 12.2.1.1: Upstream Mach Number, \(M_1\), and Deflection Angle, \(\delta\)
          • 12.2.2: When No Oblique Shock Exist or the case of \(D>0\)
            • 12.2.2.1: Large deflection angle for given, \(M_1\)
            • 12.2.2.2: The case of \(D\geq 0\) or \(0 \geq\delta\)
            • 12.2.2.3: Upstream Mach Number, \(M_1\), and Shock Angle, \(\theta\)
            • 12.2.2.4: Given Two Angles, \(\delta\) and \(\theta\)
            • 12.2.2.5: Flow in a Semi–2D Shape
            • 12.2.2.6: Close and Far Views of the Oblique Shock
            • 12.2.2.7: Maximum Value of Oblique shock
            • 12.2.2.8: Oblique Shock Examples
          • 12.2.3: Application of Oblique Shock
        • 12.3: Prandtl-Meyer Function
          • 12.3.1: Introduction
          • 12.3.2: Geometrical Explanation
        • 12.4: The Maximum Turning Angle
        • 12.5: The Working Equations for the Prandtl-Meyer Function
        • 12.6: d'Alembert's Paradox
        • 12.7: Flat Body with an Angle of Attack
        • 12.8: Examples For Prandtl–Meyer Function
        • 12.9: Combination of the Oblique Shock and Isentropic Expansion
      • 13: Multi–Phase Flow
        • 13.1: Introduction
        • 13.2: History
        • 13.3: What to Expect From This Chapter
        • 13.4: Kind of Multi-Phase Flow
        • 13.5: Classification of Liquid-Liquid Flow Regimes
          • 13.5.1: Co–Current Flow
            • 13.5.1.1: Horizontal Flow
            • 13.5.1.2: Vertical Flow
            • 13.5.1.3: Vertical Flow Under Micro Gravity
        • 13.6: Multi–Phase Flow Variables Definitions
          • 13.6.1: Multi–Phase Averaged Variables Definitions
        • 13.7: Homogeneous Models
          • 13.7.1: Pressure Loss Components
            • 13.7.1.1: Friction Pressure Loss
            • 13.7.1.2: Acceleration Pressure Loss
            • 13.7.1.3: Gravity Pressure Loss
            • 13.7.1.4: Total Pressure Loss
          • 13.7.2: Lockhart Martinelli Model
        • 13.8: Solid–Liquid Flow
          • 13.8.1: Solid Particles with Heavier Density \(\rho_S>\rho_L\)
          • 13.8.2: Solid With Lighter Density \(\rho_S< \rho\) and With Gravity
        • 13.9: Counter–Current Flow
          • 13.9.1: Horizontal Counter–Current Flow
          • 13.9.2: Flooding and Reversal Flow
        • 13.10: Multi–Phase Conclusion
  • Map: Electronic, Magnetic and Optical Properties of Materials (Föll)
    • 1: Introduction
      • 1.1: General Remarks
      • 1.2: Electronic Materials and Electronic Products
      • 1.3: Electronic Materials and Products
    • 2: Conductors
      • 2.1: Ohm's Law and Theory of Charge Transport
        • 2.1.1: Ohms Law and Materials Properties
        • 2.1.2 Ohms Law and Classical Physics
        • 2.1.3: The Hall Effect
        • 2.1.4 Summary to: Conductors - Definitions and General Properties
      • 2.2: Materials and Conductivity
        • 2.2.1 Metals
        • 2.2.2 Alloys
        • 2.2.3 Non-Metalic Conductors
        • 2.2.4 Summary to: Conductors - Definitions and General Properties
      • 2.3: General Applications
        • 2.3.1 Normal Conductors
        • 2.3.2 Contacts
        • 2.3.3 Resistors and Heating
        • 2.3.4 Summary to: Conductors - General Applications
      • 2.4: Special Applications
        • 2.4.1: Thermionic Emission
        • 2.4.2 Field Enhanced Emission and Tunnelling Effects
        • 2.4.3 Thermoelectric Effects
        • 2.4.4 Summary to: Conductors - Special Applications
      • 2.5: Ionic Conductors
        • 2.5.1 General Remarks
        • 2.5.2: Debye Length
        • 2.5.3 Nernst's Equation
        • 2.5.4 Summary to: Ionic Conductors
      • 2.6: Conductors (Summary)
    • 3: Dielectrics
      • 3.1: Definitions and General Relations
        • 3.1.1 Polarization and Dielectric Constant
        • 3.1.2 Summary to: Polarization and Dielectric Constant
      • 3.2: Mechanisms of Polarization
        • 3.2.1 General Remarks
        • 3.2.2 Electronic Polarization
        • 3.2.3 Ionic Polarization
        • 3.2.4 Orientation Polarization
        • 3.2.5 Summary and Generalization
        • 3.2.6 Local Field and Clausius - Mosotti Equation
        • 3.2.7 Summary to: Polarization Mechanisms
      • 3.3: Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant
        • 3.3.1 General Remarks
        • 3.3.2 Dipole Relaxation and Dielectric Function
        • 3.3.3 Resonance for Ionic and Atomic Polarization
        • 3.3.4 Complete Frequency Dependence of a Model Material
        • 3.3.5 Summary to: Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant
      • 3.4: Dynamic Properties
        • 3.4.1 Dielectric Losses
        • 3.4.2 Summary to: Dynamic Properties - Dielectric Losses
      • 3.5: Electrical Breakdown and Failure
        • 3.5.1 Observation of Electrical Breakdown and Failure
        • 3.5.2 Mechanisms of Electrical Breakdown
        • 3.5.3 Summary to: Electrical Breakdown and Failure
      • 3.6: Special Dielectrics
        • 3.6.1 Piezo Electricity and Related Effects
        • 3.6.2 Ferro Electricity
        • 3.6.3 Summary to: Special Dielectrics
      • 3.7 Summary: Dielectrics
    • Chapter 4
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 5
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 6
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 7
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 8
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 9
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 10
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 11
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 12
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 13
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 14
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 15
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 16
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 17
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 18
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 19
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 20
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
  • ChemEngineering (Beychok)
    • Chemical Engineering:
      • Accidental Release Source Terms
      • Acid Dewpoint
      • Acid Rain
      • American Institute of Chemical Engineers
      • Apollo Program
      • Boiling Point
      • Catalysis
      • Chemical Engineering
      • Claus Process
      • Cooling Towers
      • Delayed Coking
      • Flash Evaporation
      • Flue Gas
      • Fluid Catalytic Cracking
      • Gas Constant
      • Gas Flares
      • Henry's Law
      • Hydrocarbons
      • Hydrocarbon Dew Point
      • Joule-Thomson Effect
      • Liquified Natural Gas
      • Natural Gas
      • Natural Gas Processing
      • Petrochemicals
      • Petroleum Crude Oil
      • Petroleum Refining Processes
    • Dispersion Modeling
  • Book: The Joy of Cryptography (Rosulek)
    • 0: Review of Concepts & Notation
      • 0.1: Divison Theorem
      • 0.2: Definition
      • 0.3: Probability
    • 1: One-Time Pad
      • 1.1: Syntax and Correctness for Encryption
      • 1.2: One-Time Pad
      • 1.3: Properties
      • Exercises
    • 2: The Basics of Provable Security
      • 2.1: Reasoning about Information Hiding via Code Libraries
      • 2.2: One-Time Secrecy for Encryption
      • 2.3: Hybrid Proofs of Security
      • 2.4: Demonstrating Insecurity with Attacks
      • Exercises
    • 3: Secret Sharing
      • 3.1: Definitions
      • 3.2: A Simple 2-out-of-2 Scheme
      • 3.3: Polynomial Interpolation
      • 3.4: Shamir Secret Sharing
      • 3.5: Visual Secret Sharing
      • Exercises
    • 4: Basing Cryptography on Limits of Computation
      • 4.1: Polynomial-Time Computation
      • 4.2: Negligible Probabilities
      • 4.3: Indistinguishability
      • 4.4: Sampling with Replacement and the Birthday Bound
      • Exercises
    • 5: Pseudorandom Generators
      • 5.1: Definition of Pseudorandom Generators
      • 5.2: Application: Shorter Keys in One-Time-Series Encryption
      • 5.3: Taking the Contrapositive Point-of-View
      • 5.4: Extending the Stretch of a PRG
      • Exercises
    • 6: Pseudorandom Functions
      • 6.1: Definition
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 7
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 8
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 9
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 10
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 11
      • Section 1:
      • Section 2:
      • Section 3:
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 12: Hash Functions
      • 12.1: Defining Security
      • 12.2: Hash-Then-MAC
      • 12.3: Merkle-Damgård Construction
      • Section 4:
      • Section 5:
      • Section 6:
    • Chapter 13: The RSA Function
      • 1: Modular Arithmetic & Number Theory
      • 2: The RSA Function
      • 3: Chinese Remainder Theorem
      • 4: The Hardless of Factoring N
      • 5: Malleability of RSA, and Applications
      • Exercises
    • Chapter 14: Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement
      • 14.1: Cyclic Groups
      • 14.2: Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement
      • 14.3: Decisional Diffie-Hellman Problem
      • Exercises
    • Chapter 15: Public-Key Encryption
      • 15.1: Security Definitions
      • 15.2: One-time Security Implies Many-Time Security
      • 15.3: ElGamal Encryption
      • 15.4: Hybrid Encryption
      • Exercises
      • Section 6: